Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Hubbard, Bernard Originator: Mack, Thomas J. Originator: Thompson, Allyson Publication_Date: 2012 Title: Lineament Analysis of Mineral Areas of Interest in Afghanistan: Manually Delineated Lineaments Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2012-1048 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Hubbard, Bernard Originator: Mack, Thomas J. Originator: Thompson, Allyson Publication_Date: 2012 Title: Lineament Analysis of Mineral Areas of Interest in Afghanistan Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2012-1048 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1048/ Description: Abstract: This digital dataset presents lineaments for selected mineral areas of interest (Peters and others, 2007) in Afghanistan. For this dataset, lineaments were to be defined as photolinear features that are possibly the result of underlying zones of high-angle bedrock fractures, fracture zones, faults, or bedding plane weaknesses. Mapped lineaments were derived from 30-meter (m) resolution, shaded relief, digital elevation models (DEM), illuminated from four angles, and from 14.25-m resolution natural coverage mosaic images for the entire country of Afghanistan. Visual interpretation of optical remote-sensing data can be subjective; however, criteria and procedures were followed to promote objective lineament rendering. The visual lineament surface expression can be caused by highlights and shadows, due to localized topographic relief, or by surface differences caused by natural vegetation growth or related soil tonal differences. Purpose: Water wells in bedrock aquifers are generally more productive where boreholes intersect fractures, or fracture zones, or are located in areas of more highly fractured bedrock. Lineament identification and analysis have long been used as a reconnaissance tool in identifying favorable groundwater resources in carbonate bedrock environments (Lattman and Parizek, 1964; Siddiqui and Parizek, 1971). More recently, lineament analysis has been used for identifying areas of greater well yields in other bedrock settings including crystalline bedrock (Mabee and other, 1994; Moore and others, 2002). Lineaments provide an indication of areas that warrant further investigation for optimal bedrock well placement. Lineaments may also indicate areas of preferential flow and storage of groundwater, and areas with a greater density of lineaments may indicate greater secondary porosity. The purpose of this coverage is to map lineaments that may be useful for locating potential groundwater resources in 24 selected areas of mineral interest in Afghanistan (Peters and others, 2007). Mapped lineaments range in length from greater than 0.6 kilometers (km) to less than 14 km, with features less than 0.1 km excluded from the trend analysis included in the accompanying report. Only portions of the country within and slightly near 24 mineralized areas of interest (AOIs) highlighted by Peters and others (2007; 2011) were mapped, with areas ranging from 478 to 9,750 square kilometers. These data were compiled for inclusion in "Bidding Packages" developed for the Task Force for Business and Stability Operations (TFBSO) of the Department of Defense in an interagency agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey of the Department of the Interior. They can be used by potential investors, along with other information, in assessing mineral and hydrologic resources at AOIs identified by the TFBSO and the Government of Afghanistan, Afghanistan Geological Survey of the Afghanistan Ministry of Mines. Supplemental_Information: The following references provided background information for the study and its methodology: Clark, S.F., Jr., Moore, R.B., Ferguson, E.W., and Picard, M.Z., 1996, Criteria and methods for fracture-trace analysis of the New Hampshire bedrock aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-479, 12 p. Davis, P.A., 2006, Calibrated Landsat ETM+ Mosaics of Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1345, 18 p. Accessed at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1345/. Doebrich, J.L., and Wahl, R.L., 2006, Geologic and mineral resource map of Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1038, scale 1:850,000, 1 sheet. Lattman, L.H., and Parizek, R.R., 1964, Relationship between fracture traces and the occurrence of ground water in carbonate rocks: Journal of Hydrology, v. 2, p. 73-91. Mabee, S.B., Hardcastle, K.C., and Wise, D.U., 1994, A method of collecting and analyzing lineaments for regional-scale fractured- bedrock aquifer studies: Groundwater, v. 32, no. 6, p. 884-894. Moore, R.B., Schwarz, G.E., Clark, S.F., Jr., Walsh, G.J., and Degnan, J.R., 2002, Factors related to well yield in the fractured- bedrock aquifer of New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1660, 2 pls., 51 p. Peters, S.G., Ludington, S.D., Orris, G.J., Sutphin, D.M., Bliss, J. D., and Rytuba, J.J., 2007, Preliminary non-fuel mineral assessment of Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1214, p. 810. Siddiqui, S.H., and Parizek, R.R., 1971, Hydrogeologic factors influencing well yields in folded and faulted carbonate rocks in central Pennsylvania: Water Resources Research, v. 7, no. 5, p. 1,295-1,312. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19990816 Ending_Date: 20011005 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: 60.829686 East_Bounding_Coordinate: 71.481522 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 37.846190 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 29.380327 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Sabins (1997) Theme_Keyword: lineaments, faults, fractures, groundwater Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: Afghanistan Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: none Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Thomas J. Mack Contact_Position: Research Hydrologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: U.S. Geological Survey 331 Commerce Way City: Pembroke State_or_Province: NH Postal_Code: 03275 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (603) 226-7805 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (603) 226-7894 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: tjmack@usgs.gov Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.1850 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Edited by Peters, Stephen G. Originator: Ludington, Stephen D. Originator: Orris, Greta J. Originator: Sutphin, David M. Originator: Bliss, James D. Originator: Rytuba, James J. Publication_Date: 2007 Title: Preliminary Non-Fuel Mineral Resource Assessment of Afghanistan 2007 Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2007-1214 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Shapefile boundaries of 24 mineralized areas of interest (AOI), revised 2011 Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1214/ Online_Linkage: http://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/ Online_Linkage: http://mapdss2.er.usgs.gov Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The mapped lineaments have no important attributes other than their geospatial position and intersections to help identify potential groundwater resources. Logical_Consistency_Report: Efforts were made to apply lineament criteria in a uniform manner during examination of the areas of interest to improve identification objectivity. Field reconnaissance trips by Thomas Mack (U.S. Geological Survey) in 2009 and 2010 provided additional familiarity with lineaments in various terrains, in several mineral areas of interest in Afghanistan. However, visual lineament identification is inherently subjective, particularly with respect to one observer, and in some locations it is possible that cultural features, such as irrigation canals and roads, topographic ridges, or other nonfracture-related features, may be mistaken for lineaments. As such, lineaments require comparison with other data, and field investigation, to confirm their nature and relation to water-filled bedrock fracture zones. Completeness_Report: Lineaments presented here were observed only within the mineral areas of interest defined by a previous study; their extent within Afghanistan outside these areas of interest was not determined as part of this study. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Horizontal accuracy is based on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data and Landsat images from which the lineament maps were derived. No attempt was made to compare horizontal map accuracy with those of published maps and (or) orthorectified base imagery from other sources. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Davis, Philip A. Publication_Date: 2006 Title: Calibrated Landsat ETM+ Nonthermal-Band Image Mosaics of Afghanistan Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2006-1345 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1345/ Type_of_Source_Media: Digital imagery Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2006 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Davis, 2006 Source_Contribution: The following Natural-Color Landsat Image Mosaic of Afghanistan Map Series 14.25-m images (Davis, 2006) were used: >Q2962_14m_UTM_NC >Q2964_14m_UTM_NC >Q3062_14m_UTM_NC >Q3064_14m_UTM_NC >Q3162_14m_UTM_NC >Q3164_14m_UTM_NC >Q3262_14m_UTM_NC >Q3264_14m_UTM_NC >Q3266_14m_UTM_NC >Q3268_14m_UTM_NC >Q3360_14m_UTM_NC >Q3362_14m_UTM_NC >Q3364_14m_UTM_NC >Q3366_14m_UTM_NC >Q3368_14m_UTM_NC >Q3460_14m_UTM_NC >Q3462_14m_UTM_NC >Q3464_14m_UTM_NC >Q3466_14m_UTM_NC >Q3468_14m_UTM_NC >Q3470_14m_UTM_NC >Q3560_14m_UTM_NC >Q3564_14m_UTM_NC >Q3564_14m_UTM_NC >Q3568_14m_UTM_NC >Q3570_14m_UTM_NC >Q3664_14m_UTM_NC >Q3666_14m_UTM_NC >Q3668_14m_UTM_NC >Q3670_14m_UTM_NC >Q3764_14m_UTM_NC >Q3770_14m_UTM_NC Process_Step: Process_Description: Lineaments were mapped using one observer, drawn at a map scale of 1:100,000, and two data platforms: 30-m DEM data (Philip Davis, USGS, written commun., 2009) and 14.25-m natural-color Landsat mosaics (Davis, 2006). Shaded relief images were generated from the 30-m DEM using an illumination at azimuth angles of 180, 225, 270, and 315° with a solar elevation of 45°, for use in identifying lineaments. Linear features were drawn at each azimuth angle and then further identified using natural color mosaic images. Features identified at multiple azimuth angles or platforms were only drawn once. In many instances features identified in one azimuth angle, or platform, were not be apparent in another angle or platform. Similarly, features identified using natural color mosaics, particularly linear vegetation patterns, may not be apparent using the DEM data. Process_Date: 2011 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Thomas J. Mack Contact_Position: Research Hydrologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: U.S. Geological Survey 331 Commerce Way City: Pembroke State_or_Province: NH Postal_Code: 03275 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (603) 226-7805 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (603) 226-7894 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: tjmack@usgs.gov Cloud_Cover: 0 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 11701 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name: Transverse Mercator Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: 66.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 34.000000 False_Easting: 0.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 30 Ordinate_Resolution: 30 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: This line-vector coverage has no important attributes other than the spatial position and intersection of lineaments for targeted groundwater-resource potential assessment. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Further notes on the procedure may be obtained at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1048/ Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: USGS Information Services Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing Address: Box 25286, Denver Federal Center City: Denver State_or_Province: Colorado Postal_Code: 80255-0046 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 1-303-202-4695 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: infoservices@usgs.gov Resource_Description: USGS Open-File Report 2012-1048 Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Shapefile Format_Version_Number: 1.0 File_Decompression_Technique: no compression applied Transfer_Size: 0.982 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1048/ Fees: none Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20110919 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Thomas J. Mack Contact_Position: Research Hydrologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: U.S. Geological Survey 331 Commerce Way City: Pembroke State_or_Province: NH Postal_Code: 03275 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (603) 226-7805 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (603) 226-7894 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: tjmack@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998