Skip Links

USGS - science for a changing world

USGS Open-File Report 2013–1170 and CGS Special Report 229, Chapter C

The Search for Geologic Evidence of Distant-Source Tsunamis Using New Field Data in California

By Rick Wilson, Eileen Hemphill-Haley, Bruce Jaffe, Bruce Richmond, Robert Peters, Nick Graehl, Harvey Kelsey, Robert Leeper, Steve Watt, Mary McGann, Don Hoirup, Catherine Chagué-Goff, James Goff, Dylan Caldwell, and Casey Loofbourrow

Thumbnail of and link to report PDF (15.8 MB)Abstract

A statewide assessment for geological evidence of tsunamis, primarily from distant-source events, found tsunami deposits at several locations, though evidence was absent at most locations evaluated. Several historical distant-source tsunamis, including the 1946 Aleutian, 1960 Chile, and 1964 Alaska events, caused inundation along portions of the northern and central California coast. Recent numerical tsunami modeling results identify the eastern Aleutian Islands subduction zone as the “worstcase” distant-source region, with the potential for causing tsunami runups of 7–10 m in northern and central California and 3–4 m in southern California. These model results, along with a review of historical topographic maps and past geotechnical evaluations, guided site selection for tsunami deposit surveys. A reconnaissance of 20 coastal marshlands was performed through site visits and coring of shallow surface sediments to determine if evidence for past tsunamis existed. Although conclusive evidence of tsunami deposits was not found at most of the sites evaluated, geologic evidence consistent with tsunami inundation was found at two locations: Three marshes in the Crescent City area and Pillar Point marsh near Half Moon Bay. Potential tsunami deposits were also evaluated at the Carpinteria Salt Marsh Reserve in Santa Barbara County. In Crescent City, deposits were ascribed to tsunamis on the basis of stratigraphic architecture, particle size, and microfossil content, and they were further assigned to the 1964 Alaska and 1700 Cascadia tsunamis on the basis of dating by cesium-137 and radiocarbon methods, respectively. The 1946 tsunami sand deposit was clearly identified throughout Pillar Point marsh, and one to two other similar but highly discontinuous sand layers were present within 0.5 m of the surface. A tsunami-origin interpretation for sand layers at Carpinteria is merely consistent with graded bedding and unsupported by diatom or foraminiferal assemblages. Additional studies, including age dating, grain-size, and microfossil analyses are underway for the deposits at Crescent City, Pillar Point marsh, and Carpinteria, which may help further identify if other tsunami deposits exist at those sites. The absence of evidence for tsunamis at other sites examined should not preclude further work beyond the reconnaissance-level investigations at those locations.

First posted May 20, 2014

For additional information, contact:

U.S. Geological Survey
Science Application for Risk Reduction (SAFRR)
http://www.usgs.gov/natural_hazards/safrr/

Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF). For best results viewing and printing PDF documents, it is recommended that you download the documents to your computer and open them with Adobe Reader. PDF documents opened from your browser may not display or print as intended. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge.


Suggested citation:

Wilson, R., Hemphill-Haley, E., Jaffe, B., Richmond, B., Peters, R., Graehl, N., Kelsey, H., Leeper, R., Watt, S., McGann, M., Hoirup, D., Chague-Goff, C., Goff, J., Caldwell, D., and Loofbourrow, C., 2014, The search for geologic evidence of distant-source tsunamis using new field data in California, chap. C of Ross, S.L., and Jones, L.M., eds., The SAFRR (Science Application for Risk Reduction) tsunami scenario: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013–1170–C, 122 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131170c.

ISSN 2331-1258 (online)



Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Significant Historical Tsunamis

Tsunami Deposit Investigation

Preliminary Results and Ongoing Work

References


Accessibility FOIA Privacy Policies and Notices

Take Pride in America logo USA.gov logo U.S. Department of the Interior | U.S. Geological Survey
URL: http://pubsdata.usgs.gov/pubs/of/2013/1170/c/index.html
Page Contact Information: GS Pubs Web Contact
Page Last Modified: Tuesday, 20-May-2014 11:25:41 EDT