Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Ray E. Wells (geologic mapping) Originator: M. Sawlan (digital compilation) Publication_Date: 20140716 Title: EWH_Geology Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: OFR 2014-1063 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Menlo Park, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1063 Online_Linkage: http://dx.doi.gov/10.3133/ofr20141063 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Wells, Ray E. Publication_Date: 20140716 Title: Preliminary Geologic Map of the Eastern Willapa Hills, Cowlitz, Lewis, and Wahkiakum Counties, Washington Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map Series_Information: Series_Name: Open–File Report Issue_Identification: OFR 2014–1063 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Menlo Park, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1063 Online_Linkage: http://dx.doi.gov/10.3133/ofr20141063 Description: Abstract: This digital map database was created from the analog geologic map: Wells, R. E., 1981, Geologic Map of the Eastern Willapa Hills, Cowlitz, Lewis, and Wahkiakum Counties, Washington, U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 81-674. This geodatabase replicates the geologic mapping of the 1981 report with minor exceptions along water boundaries and the northern and southern map boundaries. No new mapping was performed in creating this digital map database. Slight adjustments were made to contacts along water boundaries due to differences in these boundaries between the topographic base used in the 1981 analog compilation (USGS 15-minute series quadrangle maps at 1:62,500 scale) and the base used for this digital compilation (USGS 7.5-minute series quadrangle maps at 1:24,000 scale). The northern and southern boundaries of the base map for this digital compilation were defined along lines of latitude as compared straight-edge drawn bounding lines used in the 1981 analog map. This boundary adjustment eliminated approximately 45m or less along the northern map boundary and approximately 107m or less along the southern map boundary as compared to the area of the 1981 map. These minor adjustments did not materially alter the geologic map. Locations of point, line and polygon features in this digital compilation were created in reference to a georeferenced image of a stable-base frosted mylar compilation (inked lines and labels on screened topography in grayscale) of the 1981 USGS Open File map. The mylar compilation map was scanned at 300dpi and georeferenced to USGS 1:24,000-scale DRGs (Digital Raster Graphics). The 1981 map was published at a scale of 1:62,500 using as a topographic base USGS 15-minute series topographic maps composited into a single sheet on mylar. This digital database was created using a topographic base USGS 7.5-minute series topographic maps published at 1:24,000 scale. Georeferencing between the 1:24,000- and 1:62,500-scale base maps was carried out mainly using lat-long tiks as link points. Where lat-long tiks were not present on the 1981 map (near the northern and southern map boundaries), corresponding survey benchmarks and intersections of prominent roads were used as link points for georeferencing. Digitization of linework shown on the analog map was performed such that digital lines (and boundaries of polygons features derived from such lines) are located within the width of the lines shown on the georeferenced analog map. Due to differences between the topographic base maps used for field mapping and the 1981 map compilation, during digitization particular attention was taken to ensure consistency of contacts in relation to water courses and topographic contours. Point locations of structural measurements (attitudes of bedding, foliation) were located from the georeferenced 1981 compilation map. Values for strike azimuth of point features were determined by interatively estimating strike for a given point feature until the digitally symbolized result overlay the strike of the feature as hand-drafted on the georeferenced 1981 analog map. Locations of point features such as bedding and foliation were taken at the mid-point of the strike line of the symbol. Values for dip or plunge of inclined planes or lineations were transcribed from values hand-written on the 1981 map. Locations of orientation measurements made by the author for the 1981 analog map correspond to the observation location 'on the ground'. Locations during field mapping were determined using either topographic maps at a scale of 1:62,500 or maps of logging roads at a scale of _______. Locations identified initially on logging road maps were transferred to 1:62,500 topographic maps in compilation mainly on the basis of PLSS (Public Land Survey System) section lines for reference. An uncertainty of 1mm in plotting point locations on the 15-minute series topographic maps corresponds to a minimum uncertainty at map scale of approximately 63m in the location of point features. Minimum uncertainty of point locations plotted first on logging road maps and transferred to 15-minute series topographic maps is estimated at 2mm, or 125m, given the compilation scale of 1:62,500 of the base used for the 1981 analog map. The topographic base map covers an area of nearly 30' x 30' between longitude 123° 00' 00.00"W and 123° 30' 00.00"W, and latitude 46° 08' 33.00"N (46.142500°N) and 46° 38' 13.00" N (46.636944°N) (NAD27). The topographic base used for this digital compilation was created by assembling into a digital mosaic DRGs of twenty USGS 7.5-minute quadrangles, and clipping this mosaic to a map boundary created from a table of lat-long coordinates at intervals of 0.0025°. The base map includes the entire area of 7.5-minute quadrangles between latitude 46.250°N and 46.625°N for the following quadrangles: Abernathy Mountain, Blaney Creek, Boistfort Peak, Boistfort, Curtis, Elochman Pass, Elochoman Lake, Pe Ell, Pluvius, Skamokawa Pass, Skamokawa, and Wildwood. The southern part of the map between latitude 46.142500°N and 46.250000°N includes northern parts of the Cathlamet, Nassa Point, Oak Point and Coal Creek quadrangles. The northernmost part of the map area between latitude 46.625000°N and 46.636944°N includes the southern parts of the Dean Creek, Doty, Rainbow Falls and Adna quadrangles. The area of the geologic map includes areas within this base map area only within the State of Washington. The geology of areas within the State of Oregon in the southernmost part of the base map was not mapped in this study. Purpose: This geodatabase makes this map, previously available only in analog form (paper), available as a geospatial digital database. This map database increases the availability of the map to the public, professional and engineering geologists, and researchers in academic and goverment roles. The digital database format allows specific areas or components of the map to be readily extracted for specific purposes using GIS software. Supplemental_Information: Text accompanying the map and references cited in the map description of map units (DMU) are provided below. OIL AND GAS POTENTIAL Commercial quantities of natural gas were discovered at Mist, Oregon, about ten miles south of the map area, while this mapping project was in progress. As a result, the eastern Willapa Hills are now a prime target for oil and gas exploration. The Mist gas field and the southern Willapa Hills face one another across a broad synclinal trough trending east-west across a low point in the "Coast Range Anticlinorium". The stratigraphic section is similar on both sides of the river, but facies relationships may be more complex on the Washington side. The thick Cowlitz deltaic and shallow marine sediments of the type area (Weaver, 1937) lap unconformably across older strata and apparently thin rapidly to the west, where they are replaced by laminated siltstones of the same age. This rapid facies change occurs across the gently south-plunging nose of the eastern Willapa Hills uplift, which is coincident with the axis of the Coast Range gravity high. This structure high may have been an active tectonic feature through most of the Tertiary time and it may have controlled the basin geometry and sediment dispersal patterns. The Cowlitz sequence lies beneath subaerial Grays River Volcanics of latest Narizian age, which are in turn overlain by more deep water siltstones in the western part of the map area. Cowlitz sandstones above Grays River Volcanics are not exposed, but they may occur in the eastern part of the map area beneath the Lincoln Creek Formation. The thick, friable arkoses of the Cowlitz Formation and the basal arkoses of the upper member of the McIntosh Formation have good reservoir potential, and they are the most likely reservoir rocks to be found at depth. Siltstones of the McIntosh and Cowlitz Formations may be suitable source rocks, but they have not been tested for source rock potential. In general, source rocks in the Coast Range have marginal to adequate organic richness, but they are commonly thermally immature (Snavely and others, 1977). However, source rocks in the southern Willapa Hills may have been subjected to higher heat flow during late Eocene volcanism and plutonism associated with the Grays River Volcanics. The McIntosh and Cowlitz Formations have in them abundant herbaceous material that may have provided a source for natural gas. A series of an echelon northwest trending folds occur on the southern flank of the Willapa Hills uplift. Their structure is complex; the fold axes are typically offset by numerous cross-faults. Some of these structures are worth further investigation for their petroleum potential. The Wilson Creek uplift may have closure, and several cross-faults may have created local traps across the plunging structure. "Marsh gas" has been reported from a 140' water well drilled near the axis of this structure (Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources well log 69-559), but the gas may be a result of decaying organic material beneath a relatively impermeable cover of landslide debris. The Arkansas Creek uplift is another complexly faulted anticline which may have a thick Eocene section beneath it. Other possible traps may occur in structures beneath the relatively flat lying Columbia River basalts, or where Cowlitz sandstones are faulted up-dip against impermeable strata. Stratigraphic traps may occur where Cowlitz or McIntosh sandstones pinch out or become channelized in the western facies deeper water siltstones. REFERENCES CITED Addicott, W. O., 1976, Neogene Molluscan Stages of Oregon and Washington, in Neogene Symposium: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, San Francisco, p. 95-115. Armentrout, J. M., 1975, Molluscan biostratigraphy of the Lincoln Creek Formation, southwest Washington, in Weaver, D.W., and others, eds., Paleogene Symposium and Selected technical papers: AAPG/SEPM/SEG Pacific sections, 1975 Annual Meeting, Long Beach, p. 14-48. Beeson, M. H., Perttu, R., and Perttu, Janice, 1979, The origin of the Miocene basalts of Coastal Oregon and Washington; an alternative hypothesis: Oregon Geology, v. 41, no. 10, p. 159-166. Henriksen, D. A., 1956, Eocene stratigraphy of the lower Cowlitz River Eastern Willapa Hills area, southwestern Washington: State of Washington Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 43, 122 p. Kleinpell, R. M., 1938, Miocene stratigraphy of California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, 450 p. Livingston, V. E., Jr., 1966, Geology and mineral resources of the Kelso-Cathlamet area, Cowlitz and Wahkiakum Counties, Washington: State of Washington Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 54, 110 p. Mallory, V. S., 1959, Lower Tertiary biostratigraphy of the California Coast Ranges: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, 416 p. Pease, M. H., and Hoover, L., 1957, Geology of the Doty-Minot Peak area, Washington: U. S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investigations Map OM-188, scale 1:62,500. Rau, W. W., 1958, Stratigraphy and foraminiferal zonation in some of the Tertiary rocks of southwestern Washington: U. S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investigations Chart OC-57. Simpson, R., Magill, J., Wells, R., and Cox. A., 1980, Post 12 m. y. rotation of southwestern Washington: EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 61, No. 46, p. 949. Snavely, P. D., Jr., MacLeod, N. S., and Wagner, H. C., 1968, Tholeiitic and alkalic basalts of the Eocene Siletz River Volcanics, Oregon Coast Range: American Journal of Science, v. 266, p 454-481. Snavely, P. D., Jr., MacLeod, N. S., and Wagner, H. C., 1973, Miocene tholeiitic basaltsof coastal Oregon and Washington and their relationship to coeval basalts of the Columbia Plateau: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, p. 387-424. Snavely, P. D., Jr., Pearl, J. E., and Lander, D. L., 1977, Interim report on petroleum resources potential and geologic hazards in the outer continental shelf - Oregon and Washington Tertiary Province: U. S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investigations Open-File Report 77-282, 64 p. Swanson, D. A., Wright, T. L., Hooper, P.R., Bentley, R. D., 1979, Revisions in stratigraphic nomenclature of the Columbia River Basalt Group: U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1457-G, 59 p. Weaver, C. E., 1937, Tertiary stratigraphy of Western Washington and northwestern Oregon: University of Washington Publications in Geology, v. 4, 266 p. Weaver, C. E., and others, 1944, Correlation of the marine Cenozoic formations of western North America (Chart II): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 55, no. 5, p. 569-598. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2014 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -123.520729 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.998741 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 46.639976 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 46.139987 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: geologic map Theme_Keyword: geology Place: Place_Keyword: Eastern Willapa Hills Place_Keyword: Southwestern Washington Place_Keyword: Lower Columbia River Place_Keyword: Cowlitz County, WA Place_Keyword: Lewis County, WA Place_Keyword: Wahkiakum County Place_Keyword: Adna Place_Keyword: Blaney Creek Place_Keyword: Boistfort Peak Place_Keyword: Boistfort Place_Keyword: Cathlamet Place_Keyword: Coal Creek Place_Keyword: Curtis Place_Keyword: Dean Creek Place_Keyword: Doty Place_Keyword: Elochman Pass Place_Keyword: Elochoman Lake Place_Keyword: Nassa Point Place_Keyword: Oak Point Place_Keyword: Pe Ell Place_Keyword: Pluvius Place_Keyword: Rainbow Falls Place_Keyword: Skamokawa Pass Place_Keyword: Skamokawa Place_Keyword: Wildwood Stratum: Stratum_Keyword: Alluvial deposits Stratum_Keyword: Alluvium Stratum_Keyword: Landslide Stratum_Keyword: Logan Hill Formation Stratum_Keyword: Columbia River Basalt Stratum_Keyword: CRB Stratum_Keyword: Saddle Mountains Basalt Stratum_Keyword: Pomona Stratum_Keyword: Wanapum Basalt Stratum_Keyword: Frenchman Springs Stratum_Keyword: Grande Ronde Basalt Stratum_Keyword: Astoria Formation Stratum_Keyword: Basalt intrusive rocks Stratum_Keyword: Basalt breccia and flows Stratum_Keyword: Lincoln Creek Formation Stratum_Keyword: Siltstone of Skamokawa Creek Stratum_Keyword: Quartz monzonite Stratum_Keyword: Grays River Volcanics Stratum_Keyword: Cowlitz Formation Stratum_Keyword: McIntosh Formation Stratum_Keyword: Crescent Formation Stratum_Keyword: Crescent Basalt Temporal: Temporal_Keyword: Tertiary Temporal_Keyword: Quaternary Temporal_Keyword: Eocene Temporal_Keyword: Oligocene Temporal_Keyword: Miocene Temporal_Keyword: Pleistocene Temporal_Keyword: Holocene Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Users of this geospatial database and geologic information derived from it should acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the source of the data. Uses of this digital geologic map should not violate the spatial resolution of the data. Although the digital form of the data removes the constraint imposed by the scale of a paper map, the detail and accuracy inherent in map scale are also present in the digital data. The fact that this database was edited for a scale of 1:24,000 means that higher resolution information is not present in the dataset. Plotting at scales larger than 1:24,000 will not yield greater real detail, although it may reveal fine-scale irregularities below the intended resolution of the database. Similarly, where this database is used in combination with other data of higher resolution, the resolution of the combined output will be limited by the lower resolution of these data. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.2.0.1324 Data_Quality_Information: Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Metadata imported. 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boundary of base map Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_contacts Entity_Type_Definition: geologic contacts, including both unconcealed and concealed contacts Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_contacts_concealed Entity_Type_Definition: concealed geologic contacts where covered by mapped surficial deposits or water Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_water_boundaries_N_of_Columbia_River Entity_Type_Definition: water body boundaries corresponding to those mapped on USGS 7.5-min quadrangles in the part of the map north of the Columbia River; these lines are displayed in the map but do not participate in topology Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_water_boundaries_Columbia_River_area Entity_Type_Definition: water body boundaries corresponding to those mapped on USGS 7.5-min quadrangles in the part of the map along and south of the Columbia River; these lines participate in topology and are contained in the dataset EWH_contacts_surficia Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_fault_slickensides_Anno Entity_Type_Definition: numeric annotation of plunge values for inclined slickenside lineations Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_cross_section_lines_Anno Entity_Type_Definition: text annotation identifying the ends and bends of cross section lines Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_fold_names_Anno Entity_Type_Definition: text annotation names for selected folds Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_contacts_surficial Entity_Type_Definition: geologic contacts mapped at the surface (not concealed by mapped surficial deposits or water) Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_fault_attitudes Entity_Type_Definition: fault orientations Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_geology_polys Entity_Type_Definition: polygons defining the surface extent of mapped geologic units Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_geology_polys_Anno Entity_Type_Definition: text annotation consisting of unit symbols labeling polygons by geologic unit Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_water_well Entity_Type_Definition: location and depth of a water well Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_foliation Entity_Type_Definition: orientation of fracture foliations in intrusive and volcanic units Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_foliation_Anno Entity_Type_Definition: numeric annotation of dip valies for inclined foliation Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_fault_attitudes_Anno Entity_Type_Definition: numeric annotation of dip values for fault orientations Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_data_sources_lines Entity_Type_Definition: spatial index of data sources Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_data_sources_polys Entity_Type_Definition: spatial index of data sources Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_data_source_Snaveley58_line Entity_Type_Definition: limit of mapping by Snaveley & others (1958) within the Eastern Willapa Hills map area Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_data_sources_lines_RAY_WELLS Entity_Type_Definition: spatial index of data sources updated by Ray Wells Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: EWH_fault_names_Anno Entity_Type_Definition: text annotation labeling the name of a selected fault Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Anno_46_47 Entity_Type_Definition: link between EWH_bedding_Anno and source dataset EWH_bedding Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Anno_59_79 Entity_Type_Definition: link between EWH_fault_slickensides_Anno and source dataset EWH_fault_slickensides Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Anno_88_95 Entity_Type_Definition: link between EWH_geology_polys_Anno and source dataset EWH_geology_polys Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Anno_46_48 Entity_Type_Definition: link between EWH_foliation_Anno and source dataset EWH_foliation Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Anno_103_126 Entity_Type_Definition_Source: author Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: USGS Information Services Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Box 25286, Denver Federal Center City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225-0046 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 202-4200 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (303) 202-4695 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: infoservices@usgs.gov Resource_Description: Downloadable Data USGS Open File Report 2014-1063 Distribution_Liability: Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this publication has been subjected to rigorous review and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, it is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1063 Fees: free Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20140422 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Ray Wells Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist / Project Chief, Pacific Northwest Geologic Mapping Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: U.S. Geological Survey Address: 345 Middlefield Rd MS-973 City: Menlo Park State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 94025 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 650-329-4933 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rwells@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: Additional contact: Karen Wheeler, PNW Project Data Manager, 650-329-4935, kwheeler@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile