Isopach of Holocene fluvial and estuarine (Qfe), nearshore marine (Qmn), and deepwater marine (Qmd) sediment thickness beneath Vineyard and western Nantucket Sounds, Massachusetts (Esri binary grid; UTM, Zone 19N, WGS 84)

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Metadata:

Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Wayne Baldwin
Publication_Date: 2016
Title:
Isopach of Holocene fluvial and estuarine (Qfe), nearshore marine (Qmn), and deepwater marine (Qmd) sediment thickness beneath Vineyard and western Nantucket Sounds, Massachusetts (Esri binary grid; UTM, Zone 19N, WGS 84)
Edition: 1
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Open-File Report
Issue_Identification: 2016-1119
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program
Online_Linkage:
<https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1119/GIS_catalog/Stratigraphy/vnspgisop/vnspgisop.zip>
Larger_Work_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Wayne E. Baldwin
Originator: David S. Foster
Originator: Elizabeth A. Pendleton
Originator: Walter A. Barnhardt
Originator: William C. Schwab
Originator: Brian D. Andrews
Originator: Seth D. Ackerman
Publication_Date: 2016
Title:
Shallow Geology, Sea-Floor Texture, and Physiographic Zones of Vineyard and western Nantucket Sounds, Massachusetts
Edition: 1
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Open-File Report
Issue_Identification: 2016-1119
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: <https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1119/>
Description:
Abstract:
Geologic, sediment texture, and physiographic zone maps characterize the sea floor of Vineyard and western Nantucket Sounds, Massachusetts. These maps were derived from interpretations of seismic-reflection profiles, high-resolution bathymetry, acoustic-backscatter intensity, bottom photographs, and surficial sediment samples. The interpretation of the seismic stratigraphy and mapping of glacial and Holocene marine units provided a foundation on which the surficial maps were created. This mapping is a result of a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management to characterize the surface and subsurface geologic framework offshore of Massachusetts.
Purpose:
This data set contains a grid representing Holocene fluvial, estuarine (Qfe), nearshore marine (Qmn), and deepwater marine (Qmd) sediment thickness (in meters) beneath Vineyard and western Nantucket Sounds. These data are useful for assessing relations between geologic framework, sea-bed morphology, and sediment textural trends. Qfe is the lowermost Holocene sedimentary deposit that partially fills the fluvial valleys incised into the surface of Pleistocene glacial drift. Qmn and Qmd are surficial sediments that also fill valleys and partially blanket the sea floor.
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 20090602
Ending_Date: 20110831
Currentness_Reference:
ground condition of the source data from which this interpretation was created
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -71.033868
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.429605
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.540787
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.320018
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey
Theme_Keyword: USGS
Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program
Theme_Keyword: CMGP
Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC
Theme_Keyword: Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management
Theme_Keyword: CZM
Theme_Keyword: Sea floor
Theme_Keyword: Marine Geology
Theme_Keyword: Interpretation
Theme_Keyword: Seismic Interpretation
Theme_Keyword: Geologic Framework
Theme_Keyword: Holocene
Theme_Keyword: Esri binary grid
Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1184
Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1006
Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1020
Theme_Keyword: EdgeTech
Theme_Keyword: 512i
Theme_Keyword: 424
Theme_Keyword: Knudsen
Theme_Keyword: 3200
Theme_Keyword: Boomer
Theme_Keyword: Seismic-reflection Profiles
Theme_Keyword: Sediment thickness
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: oceans
Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation
Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Place_Keyword: Vineyard Sound
Place_Keyword: Nantucket Sound
Place_Keyword: Atlantic Ocean
Place_Keyword: Cape Cod
Place_Keyword: Succonnesset Point
Place_Keyword: Falmouth
Place_Keyword: Woods Hole
Place_Keyword: Gosnold
Place_Keyword: Elizabeth Islands
Place_Keyword: Nonamesset Island
Place_Keyword: Naushon Island
Place_Keyword: Pasque Island
Place_Keyword: Nashawena Island
Place_Keyword: Cuttyhunk Island
Place_Keyword: Martha's Vineyard
Place_Keyword: Aquinnah
Place_Keyword: Menemsha
Place_Keyword: Vineyard Haven
Place_Keyword: Oak Bluffs
Place_Keyword: Edgartown
Place_Keyword: Cape Poge
Place_Keyword: Lucas Shoal
Place_Keyword: Middle Ground Shoal
Place_Keyword: L'Hommedieu Shoal
Place_Keyword: Succonnesset Shoal
Place_Keyword: Hedge Fence Shoal
Place_Keyword: Squash Meadow Shoal
Stratum:
Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Stratum_Keyword: Sea floor
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information.
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Wayne Baldwin
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2226
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wbaldwin@usgs.gov
Browse_Graphic:
Browse_Graphic_File_Name:
<https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1119/GIS_catalog/Stratigraphy/vnspgisop/vnspgisop.png>
Browse_Graphic_File_Description:
Browse image of Esri grid representing Holocene fluvial, estuarine (Qfe), nearshore marine (Qmn), and deepwater marine (Qmd) sediment thickness (in meters) beneath Vineyard and western Nantucket Sounds.
Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PNG
Native_Data_Set_Environment:
Microsoft Windows Vista Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.1850
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Charles J. O'Hara
Originator: Robert N. Oldale
Publication_Date: 1980
Title:
Maps showing geology and shallow structure of eastern Rhode Island Sound and Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts
Edition: 1.0
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
Series_Information:
Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map
Issue_Identification: MF-1186
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Other_Citation_Details: 5 sheets
Online_Linkage: <https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1980/mf-1186/>
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Charles J. O'Hara
Originator: Robert N. Oldale
Publication_Date: 1987
Title:
Maps showing geology, shallow structure, and bedforms of Nantucket Sound, Massachusetts
Edition: 1.0
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
Series_Information:
Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map
Issue_Identification: MF-1911
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Other_Citation_Details: 4 sheets
Online_Linkage: <http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5475.htm>
Data_Quality_Information:
Logical_Consistency_Report:
Chirp seismic-reflection data collected during USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activities 2009-002-FA, 2010-003-FA, 2010-004-FA, 2011-004-FA, and 2011-013-FA and boomer seismic-reflection data during USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activities 2010-047-FA and 2010-100-FA were used to interpret the geologic framework of Vineyard and western Nantucket Sounds.
Completeness_Report:
All chirp and boomer seismic-reflection data collected within the study area during USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activities 2009-002-FA, 2010-003-FA, 2010-004-FA, 2010-047-FA, 2010-100-FA, 2011-004-FA, and 2011-013-FA were used to interpret the subsurface geologic units. The grid contains three internal no data zones where it was not possible to make continuous interpretations regarding the thicknesses of subsurface units. No seismic data were collected within the no data area coincident with Middle Ground Shoal, thus precluding interpretation. The Knudsen Engineering Limited (KEL) Chirp 3202 data collected across the shallowest portions of L'Hommedieu and Hedge Fence Shoals provided inadequate combinations of resolution and penetration to support confident interpretation, due to shallow water depths and difficult to penetrate sandy, gravelly substrate.
Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
Navigational accuracy of the seismic-reflection data used for this interpretation was assumed to be ± 10 to 20 meters. Refer to seismic trackline metadata in Pendleton and others (2012; 2014), and Andrews and others (2014) in the source information for specific seismic data acquisition parameters and accuracy reports. Additional navigational uncertainty in this interpretation arises from subjective digitizing of the seismic reflectors, sampling of the interpreted horizons at 20-m along track intervals prior to export from the seismic interpretation package.
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
The nominal resolution of the chirp seismic-reflection systems is 0.5 meter. Additional uncertainty was introduced by converting the thicknesses measured in two-way travel time to meters using a constant velocity of sound in sediment of 1500 m/s.
Lineage:
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Pendleton, E.A.
Originator: Twichell, D.C.
Originator: Foster, D.S.
Originator: Worley, C.R
Originator: Irwin, B.J.
Originator: Danforth, W.W.
Publication_Date: 2012
Title:
High-resolution geophysical data from the sea floor surrounding the Western Elizabeth Islands, Massachusetts
Edition: 1.0
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Open-File Report
Issue_Identification: 2011-1184
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: <https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1184/>
Type_of_Source_Media: online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 20100909
Ending_Date: 20100918
Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Pendleton and others, 2012
Source_Contribution:
This report provided source geophysical data (sidescan, bathymetry, and seismic-reflection profiles) for the area of Vineyard Sound surrounding the western Elizabeth Islands. High-resolution chirp seismic-reflection profiles were collected during U.S. Geological Survey field activity 2010-003-FA using an EdgeTech Geo-Star full spectrum sub-bottom (FSSB) system and SB-424 towfish. Thorough descriptions of acquisition and processing parameters for the survey are provided by Pendleton and others (2012) in the methods section and seismic-reflection metadata. Shallow geologic framework and surficial geology were interpreted from post-processed chirp seismic-reflection profiles.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Andrews, B.D.
Originator: Ackerman, S.D.
Originator: Baldwin, W.E.
Originator: Foster, D.S.
Originator: Schwab, W.C.
Publication_Date: 2014
Title:
High-Resolution Geophysical Data from the Inner Continental Shelf: Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts
Edition: 2
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Open-File Report
Issue_Identification: 2012-1006
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: <https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1006/>
Type_of_Source_Media: online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 20090528
Ending_Date: 20110517
Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Andrews and others, 2014
Source_Contribution:
This report provided source geophysical data (sidescan, bathymetry, and seismic-reflection profiles) for most of the Vineyard and western Nantucket Sounds Study area. The mapping was conducted onboard the Megan T. Miller (2009, 2010) and the Scarlett Isabella (2011) during U.S. Geological Survey field activities 2009-002-FA , 2010-004-FA, and 2011-004-FA. Chirp seismic-reflection data were collected using an EdgeTech Geo-Star FSSB subbottom profiling system and an SB-0512i towfish. Thorough descriptions of acquisition and processing parameters for each survey are provided by Andrews and others (2014) in the methods section and seismic-reflection metadata. Shallow geologic framework was interpreted from post-processed chirp seismic-reflection profiles
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Pendleton, E.A.
Originator: Andrews, B.D.
Originator: Danforth, W.W.
Originator: Foster, D.S.
Publication_Date: 2014
Title:
High-resolution geophysical data collected aboard the U.S. Geological Survey research vessel Rafael to supplement existing datasets from Buzzards Bay and Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Open-File Report
Issue_Identification: 2013-1020
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: <https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1020/>
Type_of_Source_Media: online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 20071005
Ending_Date: 20110413
Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Pendleton and others, 2014
Source_Contribution:
This report provided source geophysical data (sidescan, bathymetry, and seismic-reflection profiles) for several of the shallowest areas of Vineyard and Nantucket Sounds, across Middleground, L'Hommedieu, and Hedge Fence Shoals, as well as several supplemental boomer seismic-reflection profiles. These areas were surveyed with the RV Rafael in 2010 and 2011 during U.S. Geological Survey field activities 2010-047-FA, 2010-100-FA, and 2011-013-FA. In 2010, seismic-reflection data were acquired with a boomer source and GeoEel 8-channel streamer. In 2011, high-resolution chirp seismic data were collected using a dual frequency (3.5 and 200 kHz) Knudsen Engineering Limited (KEL) Chirp 3202 system. Thorough descriptions of acquisition and processing parameters for each survey are provided by Pendleton and others (2014) in the methods section and seismic-reflection metadata. Shallow geologic framework and surficial geology were interpreted from post-processed chirp seismic-reflection profiles.
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Chirp and boomer seismic reflection data were interpreted using Landmark SeisWorks 2D (R5000) seismic interpretation software. Interpretation consisted of identifying and digitizing erosional unconformities defining the boundaries between Holocene, Pleistocene, and pre-Quaternary seismic units, and digitizing the extent over which each of the defined sub-surface seismic units crops out on the sea floor. Using the SeisWorks horizon calculator, an isochron representing the two-way travel time between the sea floor and Ur/Ut (postglacial unconformity) horizons was computed, then sampled at 20-meter along track interval and exported from SeisWorks as ASCII text.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:
Seisworks horizons representing the sea floor and interpreted Ur/Ut unconformity
Process_Date: 2014
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Wayne Baldwin
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2226
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wbaldwin@usgs.gov
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Awk (no version) was used to convert two-way travel times to thickness in meters using a constant seismic velocity of 1500 m/s. The resultant text file was imported into ArcMap (9.3.1) as point features (easting, northing, thickness in m) using the 'Add XY data' function, then saved as a point shapefile (UTM, Zone 19N, WGS84). A limited number of points (3 or fewer) at the ends of some survey track lines contained erroneous zero values because the digital interpretations were not extended to the very end of the profiles. In these instances, the points were deleted manually.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: isochron ASCII text file
Process_Date: 2013
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Wayne Baldwin
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2226
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wbaldwin@usgs.gov
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The new point shapefile was used as input for the ArcMap (9.3.1) Spatial Analyst > Interpolation > Natural Neighbor tool to create an interpolated grid of the isopach with a 40 meter cell size. The new grid and a polygon feature encompassing the input points were specified as inputs to ArcMap (9.3.1) Spatial Analyst Tools > Extraction > Extract by Mask tool to clip the extent of the output grid.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: isopach point shapefile and encompassing polygon feature
Process_Date: 2013
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Wayne Baldwin
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2226
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wbaldwin@usgs.gov
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
Raster_Object_Information:
Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell
Row_Count: 588
Column_Count: 1251
Vertical_Count: 1
Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Planar:
Grid_Coordinate_System:
Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
UTM_Zone_Number: 19
Transverse_Mercator:
Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -69.000000
Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000
False_Easting: 500000.000000
False_Northing: 0.000000
Planar_Coordinate_Information:
Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column
Coordinate_Representation:
Abscissa_Resolution: 40.000000
Ordinate_Resolution: 40.000000
Planar_Distance_Units: meters
Geodetic_Model:
Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984
Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
There are no attributes associated with this Esri ArcRaster Grid. Pixel values represent thicknesses of post-glacial sediment in meters, and range from 0 to 19.1 m.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey
Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Wayne Baldwin
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2226
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wbaldwin@usgs.gov
Resource_Description:
vnspgisop.zip from USGS Open-File report 2016-1119. WinZip v. 14.5 file contains an Esri grid isopach of Holocene fluvial and estuarine (Qfe), nearshore marine (Qmn), and deepwater marine (Qmd) sediment thickness beneath Vineyard and western Nantucket Sounds, MA and the associated metadata.
Distribution_Liability:
Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: AIG
Format_Version_Number: ArcMap 9.3.1
Format_Specification: Esri binary grid
Format_Information_Content:
WinZip v. 14.5 file contains an Esri grid Isopach of Holocene fluvial and estuarine (Qfe), nearshore marine (Qmn), and deepwater marine (Qmd) sediment thickness beneath Vineyard and western Nantucket Sounds, MA and the associated metadata
File_Decompression_Technique: WinZip or pkUnzip
Transfer_Size: 0.939
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name:
<https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1119/GIS_catalog/Stratigraphy/vnspgisop/vnspgisop.zip>
Network_Resource_Name:
<https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1119/ofr2016-1119-data_catalog.html>
Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded via the World Wide Web (WWW)
Fees: None
Technical_Prerequisites:
The grid contained in the zip file is available as an Esri binary grid. To utilize this data, the user must have a GIS software package capable of reading an Esri binary grid.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20160129
Metadata_Review_Date: 2016
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Wayne Baldwin
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2226
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wbaldwin@usgs.gov
Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
Metadata_Time_Convention: local time
Metadata_Access_Constraints: None
Metadata_Use_Constraints: None
Generated by mp version 2.9.12 on Mon Jul 25 12:09:26 2016