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The 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska

Edited by John A. Power, Michelle L. Coombs, and Jeffrey T. Freymueller

2010

Preface Augustine Volcano, the most historically active volcano in Alaska’s Cook Inlet region, again showed signs of life in April 2005. Escalating seismic unrest, ground deformation, and gas emissions culminated in an eruption from January 11 to mid-March of 2006, the fifth major eruption in 75 years. The eruption began with a series of 13 short-lived blasts over 20 days that sent pyroclastic flows; snow, rock, and ice avalanches; and lahars down the volcano’s snow clad flanks; ash clouds drifted hundreds of kilometers downwind. Punctuated explosive activity gave way to effusion of lava and emplacement of thick block-and-ash flows on the volcano’s north flank that continued through mid-February. In mid-March renewed extrusion resulted in the building of a new, higher summit lava dome and two blocky lava flows on the north and northeast flanks of the cone. The eruption resulted in ash fall on many south-central Alaskan communities and disrupted air traffic in the region. Augustine’s frequent eruptions and relatively easy access have long drawn volcanologists to study the accumulation, ascent, and eruption of andesitic to dacitic magma. Studies of the most recent activity before 2006, in 1976 and 1986, revealed that the volcano lately produces explosive eruptions that are preceded by months of unrest and injection of new magma into a storage region in the upper several kilometers of the crust. Each of these eruptions then followed a similar progression from explosive to effusive behavior over several months. Petrologic and geophysical observations suggest that these three eruptions were triggered by similar magma mixing events and that the subsequent ascent and eruption of magma was governed by processes that were roughly constant from one eruption to the next. Geologic studies of the island show that in the more distant past parts of Augustine’s edifice have failed repeatedly, resulting in debris avalanches that entered the sea and, at least once, in 1883, caused a tsunami that hit surrounding Cook Inlet coastlines. Such edifice failures and resultant local tsunamis should be expected in the future. Recognition of Augustine’s frequent activity and hazardous nature led to the installation of a network of telemetered seismometers beginning in 1971, the establishment of a geodetic network in 1988, and the installation of other new instrumentation such as pressure sensors, broadband seismometers, and cameras by the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), and the selection of Augustine for geodetic instrumentation through the EarthScope/Plate Boundary Observatory program in 2004. In addition, remote sensing techniques, such as airborne thermal imaging and the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER), provided novel and often critical information as the 2006 eruption progressed. The combination of a long-term seismic network and an array of new monitoring techniques has provided a breadth and depth of understanding of Augustine’s most recent activity that was not possible in the past. This volume contains 28 chapters reporting on a diverse suite of new scientific observations and investigations that were motivated by the 2006 eruption. Understanding the magmatic processes that drive eruptions, identifying eruptive events, tracking the movement of ash clouds, and communicating the resultant hazards to other government agencies and the public are all critical tasks for AVO, and chapters touch upon all of these topics. One goal in this compilation is to synthesize the diverse information into as complete an understanding of the magmatic and eruptive processes as possible. An equally important goal is to provide a framework for diagnosing periods of unrest and formulating forecasts of eruptions that will certainly take place at Augustine in the future. This latter goal is especially important, as Augustine’s frequent eruptive activity suggests that another eruption can be expected within the next several decades. Consequently, the investigations in this volume are intended to provide both a means to better forecast future eruptive episodes and also an opportunity to formulate and test future hypotheses for magmatic and eruptive processes. Future eruptions may follow a course similar to those observed in 1976, 1986, and 2006. However, a major perturbation that upsets conditions within the magmatic system could occur, owing perhaps to the rise of a much larger or different parental magma or to a large edifice failure similar to the 1883 sector collapse. In such events, the comprehensive study of past eruptions will provide data critical to assessing the current state of the magmatic system. In assembling this volume we have sought as consistent and accurate a portrayal of the 2006 eruption as possible. We have asked all authors to refer to the same basic eruption chronology, unless their observations and data require alternative explanations. Naturally, not all techniques or methodologies produce a completely consistent set of observations, nor do the precise conclusions in every paper support one another. We have grouped chapters on the basis of discipline. Papers that focus on specific techniques, methodology, or instrumentation are placed throughout the volume where they best fit with others that rely on their results. Sections Introductory material consisting of the covers, title page, foreword, preface, contents, and a note on geographic names (17-page PDF; 6.8 MB) Seismology (142-page PDF; 31.6 MB) Geology of the 2006 Eruption (151-page PDF; 99 MB) Other Geologic Investigations (38-page PDF; 29.2 MB) Petrology and Geochemistry (91-page PDF; 26.2 MB) Geodesy (53-page PDF; 25.8 MB) Remote Sensing and Volcanic Emissions (149-page PDF; 89.2 MB) Information Management (39-page PDF; 12.1 MB) Chapters Chapter 1: Seismic Observations of Augustine Volcano, 1970–2007, by John A. Power and Douglas J. Lalla (38-page PDF; 8.4 MB) Chapter 2: Seismic Precursors to Volcanic Explosions During the 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, by Helena Buurman and Michael E. West (17-page PDF; 2.3 MB) Chapter 3: Using Seismic b-Values to Interpret Seismicity Rates and Physical Processes During the Preeruptive Earthquake Swarm at Augustine Volcano 2005–2006, by Katrina M. Jacobs and Stephen R. McNutt (25-page PDF; 2.9 MB) Chapter 4: A Parametric Study of the January 2006 Explosive Eruptions of Augustine Volcano, Using Seismic, Infrasonic, and Lightning Data, by Stephen R. McNutt, Guy Tytgat, Steven A. Estes, and Scott D. Stihler (18-page PDF; 4.4 MB) Chapter 5: Earthquake Waveform Similarity and Evolution at Augustine Volcano from 1993 to 2006, by Heather R. DeShon, Clifford H. Thurber, and John A. Power (16-page PDF; 1.6 MB) Chapter 6: Distal Volcano-Tectonic Seismicity Near Augustine Volcano, by Michael A. Fisher, Natalia A. Ruppert, Randall A. White, Ray W. Sliter, and Florence L. Wong (10-page PDF; 5.2 MB) Chapter 7: A Two-Step Procedure for Calculating Earthquake Hypocenters at Augustine Volcano, by Douglas J. Lalla and John A. Power (14-page PDF, 1.3 M and software) Chapter 8: Timing, Distribution, and Volume of Proximal Products of the 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, by Michelle L. Coombs, Katharine F. Bull, James W. Vallance, David J. Schneider, Evan E. Thoms, Rick L. Wessels, and Robert G. McGimsey (41-page PDF, 28 MB; 39" x 27" plate, 51.9 MB; and GIS data, 640 MB) Chapter 9: Timing, Distribution, and Character of Tephra Fall from the 2005–2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, by Kristi L. Wallace, Christina A. Neal, and Robert G. McGimsey (31-page PDF, 13.6 MB; and spreadsheets) Chapter 10: Pyroclastic Flows, Lahars, and Mixed Avalanches Generated During the 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, by James W. Vallance, Katharine F. Bull, and Michelle L. Coombs (49-page PDF; 27.8 MB) Chapter 11: Characterizing Pyroclastic-Flow Interactions with Snow and Water Using Environmental Magnetism at Augustine Volcano, by James E. Begét (15-page PDF; 9 MB) Chapter 12: Remote Telemetered and Time-Lapse Cameras at Augustine Volcano, by John Paskievitch, Cyrus Read, and Thomas Parker (9-page PDF; 6.9 MB) Chapter 13: Ejecta and Landslides from Augustine Volcano Before 2006, by Richard B. Waitt (23-page PDF; 10.9 MB) Chapter 14: Preliminary Slope-Stability Analysis of Augustine Volcano, by Mark E. Reid, Dianne L. Brien, and Christopher F. Waythomas (12-page PDF; 4.4 MB) Chapter 15: Petrology and Geochemistry of the 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, by Jessica F. Larsen, Christopher J. Nye, Michelle L. Coombs, Mariah Tilman, Pavel Izbekov, and Cheryl Cameron (48-page PDF, 18.4 MB; and spreadsheets) Chapter 16: Augustine Volcano—The Influence of Volatile Components in Magmas Erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 Years Before Present, by James D. Webster, Charles W. Mandeville, Beth Goldoff, Michelle L. Coombs, and Christine Tappen (41-page PDF; 2.6 MB) Chapter 17: Geodetic Constraints on Magma Movement and Withdrawal During the 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, by Peter F. Cervelli, Thomas J. Fournier, Jeff T. Freymueller, John A. Power, Michael Lisowski, and Benjamin A. Pauk (26-page PDF; 6.9 MB) Chapter 18: Surface Deformation of Augustine Volcano, 1992–2005, from Multiple-Interferogram Processing Using a Refined Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) Approach, by Chang-Wook Lee, Zhong Lu, Hyung-Sup Jung, Joong-Sun Won, and Daniel Dzurisin (13-page PDF; 6 MB) Chapter 19: The Plate Boundary Observatory Permanent Global Positioning System Network on Augustine Volcano Before and After the 2006 Eruption, by Benjamin A. Pauk, Michael Jackson, Karl Feaux, David Mencin, and Kyle Bohnenstiehl (11-page PDF; 7.4 MB) Chapter 20: Integrated Satellite Observations of the 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, by John E. Bailey, Kenneson G. Dean, Jonathan Dehn, and Peter W. Webley (26-page PDF; 13 MB) Chapter 21: Volcanic-Ash Dispersion Modeling of the 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano Using the Puff Model, by Peter W. Webley, Kenneson G. Dean, Jonathan Dehn, John E. Bailey, and Rorik Peterson (20-page PDF; 18.5 MB) Chapter 22: High-Resolution Satellite and Airborne Thermal Infrared Imaging of the 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, by Rick L. Wessels, Michelle L. Coombs, David J. Schneider, Jonathan Dehn, and Michael S. Ramsey (26-page PDF; 27.4 MB) Chapter 23: The 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano—Combined Analyses of Thermal Satellite Data and Reduced Displacement, by Saskia M. van Manen, Jonathan Dehn, Michael E. West, Stephen Blake and David A. Rothery (15-page PDF; 4.1 MB) Chapter 24: Imaging Observations of Thermal Emissions from Augustine Volcano Using a Small Astronomical Camera, by Davis D. Sentman, Stephen R. McNutt, Hans C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, Guy Tytgat, and Nicole DeRoin (9-page PDF; 2.1 MB) Chapter 25: Lightning and Electrical Activity during the 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, by Ronald J. Thomas, Stephen R. McNutt, Paul R. Krehbiel, William Rison, Grayden Aulich, Harald E. Edens, Guy Tytgat, and Edward Clark (30-page PDF; 8.5 MB) Chapter 26: Emission of SO2, CO2, and H2S from Augustine Volcano, 2002–2008, by Kenneth A. McGee, Michael P. Doukas, Robert G. McGimsey, Christina A. Neal, and Rick L. Wessels (19-page PDF; 5 MB) Chapter 27: Public Outreach and Communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005–2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, by Jennifer N. Adleman, Cheryl E. Cameron, Seth F. Snedigar, Christina A. Neal, and Kristi L. Wallace (14-page PDF; 2.4 MB) Chapter 28: Hazard Information Management, Interagency Coordination, and Impacts of the 2005–2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, by Christina A. Neal, Thomas L. Murray, John A. Power, Jennifer N. Adleman, Paul M. Whitmore, and Jeffery M. Osiensky (23-page PDF; 549 kB)

Last modified April 19, 2011 First posted December 10, 2010 Sections folder. This folder contains a separate file for each of the eight sections in the report. These files range in size from 6.8–99 MB and total 320 MB Chapters folder. This folder contains a separate file or folder for each of the 28 chapters in the report. These files range in size from 0.7–550 MB and total 947 MB Note: The next link is to a single file that is so large it would half-fill a CD-ROM; it will take a long time to download once you select it. Entire large report PDF (684 pages; 317 MB) For additional information contact: For additional information contact: Alaska Volcano Observatory staff 4210 University Drive Anchorage, AK 99508 Alaska Volcano Observatory This report is available only on the Web at this time. Part of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF); at least version 7 of Adobe Reader or similar software is required to view it. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge.

Suggested citations:

Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., 2010, The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 667 p., 1 plate, scale 1:20,000, and data files.

Chapters:

Power, J.A., and Lalla, D.J., 2010, Seismic observations of Augustine Volcano, 1970–2007, chapter 1 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 3–40 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter01.pdf].

Buurman, Helena and West, M.E., 2010, Seismic precursors to volcanic explosions during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, chapter 2 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 41–57 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter02.pdf].

Jacobs, K.M., and McNutt, S.R., 2010, Using seismic b-values to interpret seismicity rates and physical processes during the preeruptive earthquake swarm at Augustine Volcano 2005–2006, chapter 3 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 59–83 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter03.pdf].

McNutt, S.R., Tytgat, Guy, Estes, S.A., and Stihler, S.D., 2010, A parametric study of the January 2006 explosive eruptions of Augustine Volcano, using seismic, infrasonic, and lightning data, chapter 4 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 85–102 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter04.pdf].

DeShon, H.R., Thurber, C.H., and Power, J.A., 2010, Earthquake waveform similarity and evolution at Augustine Volcano from 1993 to 2006, chapter 5 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 103–118 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter05.pdf].

Fisher, M.A., Ruppert, N.A., White, R.A., Sliter, R.W., and Wong, F.L., 2010, Distal volcano-tectonic seismicity near Augustine Volcano, chapter 6 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 119–128 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter06.pdf].

Lalla, D.J., and Power, J.A. 2010, A two-step procedure for calculating earthquake hypocenters at Augustine Volcano, chapter 7 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 129–142 and software [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter07].

Coombs, M.L., Bull, K.F., Vallance, J.W., Schneider, D.J., Thoms, E.E., Wessels, R.L., and McGimsey, R.G., 2010, Timing, distribution, and volume of proximal products of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, chapter 8 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 145–185, 1 plate, scale 1:20,000, and GIS data [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter08].

Wallace, K.L., Neal, C.A., and McGimsey, R.G., 2010, Timing, distribution, and character of tephra fall from the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, chapter 9 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 187–217 and spreadsheet [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter09].

Vallance, J.W., Bull, K.F., and Coombs, M.L., 2010, Pyroclastic flows, lahars, and mixed avalanches generated during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, chapter 10 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 219–267 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter10.pdf].

Begét, J.E., 2010, Characterizing pyroclastic-flow interactions with snow and water using environmental magnetism at Augustine Volcano, chapter 11 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 269–283 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter11.pdf].

Paskievitch, John, Read, Cyrus, and Parker, Thomas, 2010, Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano, chapter 12 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 285–293 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter12.pdf].

Waitt, R.B., 2010, Ejecta and landslides from Augustine Volcano before 2006, chapter 13 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 297–319 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter13.pdf].

Reid, M.E., Brien, D.L., and Waythomas, C.F., 2010, Preliminary slope-stability analysis of Augustine Volcano, chapter 14 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 321–332 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter14.pdf].

Larsen, J.F., Nye, C.J., Coombs, M.L., Tilman, Mariah, Izbekov, Pavel, and Cameron, Cheryl, 2010, Petrology and geochemistry of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, chapter 15 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 335–382 and spreadsheets [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter15].

Webster, J.D., Mandeville, C.W., Goldoff, Beth, Coombs, M.L., and Tappen, Christine, 2010, Augustine Volcano; the influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present, chapter 16 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 383–423 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter16.pdf].

Cervelli, P.F., Fournier, T.J., Freymueller, J.T., Power, J.A., Lisowski, Michael, and Pauk, B.A., 2010, Geodetic constraints on magma movement and withdrawal during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, chapter 17 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 427–452 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter17.pdf].

Lee, Chang-Wook, Lu, Zhong, Jung, Hyung-Sup, Won, Joong-Sun, and Dzurisin, Daniel, 2010, Surface deformation of Augustine Volcano, 1992–2005, from multiple-interferogram processing using a refined small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) approach, chapter 18 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 453–465 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter18.pdf].

Pauk, B.A., Jackson, Michael, Feaux, Karl, Mencin, David, and Bohnenstiehl, Kyle, 2010, The Plate Boundary Observatory permanent Global Positioning System network on Augustine Volcano before and after the 2006 eruption, chapter 19 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 467–477 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter19.pdf].

Bailey, J.E., Dean, K.G., Dehn, Jonathan, and Webley, P.W., 2010, Integrated satellite observations of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, chapter 20 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 481–506 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter20.pdf].

Webley, P.W., Dean, K.G., Dehn, Jonathan, Bailey, J.E., and Peterson, Rorik, 2010, Volcanic-ash dispersion modeling of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano using the Puff model, chapter 21 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 507–526 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter21.pdf].

Wessels, R.L., Coombs, M.L., Schneider, D.J., Dehn, Jonathan, and Ramsey, M.S., 2010, High-resolution satellite and airborne thermal infrared imaging of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, chapter 22 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 527–552 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter22.pdf].

van Manen, S.M., Dehn, Jonathan, West, M.E., Blake Stephen, and Rothery, D.A., 2010, The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano; combined analyses of thermal satellite data and reduced displacement, chapter 23 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 553–567 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter23.pdf].

Sentman, D.D., McNutt, S.R., Stenbaek-Nielsen, H.C., Tytgat, Guy, and DeRoin, Nicole, 2010, Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera, chapter 24 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 569–577 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter24.pdf].

Thomas, R.J., McNutt, S.R., Krehbiel, P.R., Rison, William, Aulich, Grayden, Edens, H.E., Tytgat, Guy, and Clark, Edward, 2010, Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, chapter 25 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 579–608 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter25.pdf].

McGee, K.A., Doukas, M.P., McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C.A., and Wessels, R.L., 2010, Emission of SO₂, CO₂, and H₂S from Augustine Volcano, 2002–2008, chapter 26 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 609–627 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter26.pdf].

Adleman, J.N., Cameron, C.E., Snedigar, S.F., Neal, C.A., and Wallace, K.L., 2010, Public outreach and communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005–2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, chapter 27 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 631–644 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter27.pdf].

Neal, C.A. Murray, T.L. Power, J.A. Adleman, J.N. Whitmore, P.M. and Osiensky, J.M. 2010, Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005–2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, chapter 28 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 645–667 [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter28.pdf].

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Note on geographic names on Augustine Island

Seismology

Geology of the 2006 Eruption

Other Geologic Investigations

Petrology and Geochemistry

Geodesy

Remote Sensing and Volcanic Emissions

Information Management

data files (linked in chapters 7, 8, 9, and 15)