Glaciers of North AmericaÑ GLACIERS OF CANADA INTRODUCTION Contents Introduction Figure 1. Geographic locations of the currently glacierized regions of Canada 2. Glacierization of Canada (and Greenland and Iceland) during the Pleistocene Epoch Table 1. Estimated glacier area in Canada Topical Sections Glaciers of the Arctic Islands Figure 3. Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the glaciers of the Arctic Islands of Canada Table 2. Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the glaciers of the Arctic Islands of Canada Glaciers of Western Canada Figure 4. Map of the major mountain ranges in the Interior Ranges of British Columbia 5. Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS images of the glaciers of the Canadian Rocky Mountains and Interior Ranges 6. Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the glaciers of the Coast and St. Elias Mountains of Canada 7. Map of the major mountain ranges in the Yukon and Northwest Territories of Canada Table 3. Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS images of the glaciers of the Canadian Rocky Mountains and Interior Ranges 4. Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of glaciers of the Coast and St. Elias Mountains of Canada References Cited INTRODUCTION By RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, JR. and JANE G. FERRIGNO, Editors SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD Edited by RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, Jr., and JANE G. FERRIGNO U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1386ÐJÐ1 Glaciers in Canada are situated in three principal locations: on several Arctic islands, in the Rocky Mountains and Interior Ranges, and along the Pacific Coast. Landsat MSS images are most useful in studying and monitoring changes in ice caps, ice fields, outlet glaciers, and valley glaciers SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD GLACIERS OF NORTH AMERICAÑ GLACIERS OF CANADA INTRODUCTION By RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, JR. and JANE G. FERRIGNO, Editors Figure captions and tables follow References Cited. Manuscript approved for publication, 7 March 2002. FN1: The names in this section conform to the usage authorized by the Secretariat of the Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (CPCGN) and found in the Canadian Geographical Names Data Base (CGNDB). Variant names and names not listed in the CPCGN/CGNDB are shown in italics. Glaciers in Canada are located principally in three geographic settings: on several Arctic islands in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories of northern Canada, in the Rocky Mountains and the Interior Ranges, and along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, where they are sometimes contiguous with glaciers of Alaska (fig. 1, and figs. 1 and 2 in the ÒHistory of Glacier Investigations in CanadaÓ). The area covered by glaciers is estimated to be 151,000 km2 in the Canadian Arctic and 50,000 km2 in the mountain ranges of Western Canada (table 1). During the Last Glacier Maximum (LGM) during the Pleistocene Epoch, the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered virtually all of Canada (fig. 2), so present-day glaciers in Canada are present only where the regional climates have temperature and (or) accumulation/melt regimes sufficient to maintain these ice masses. Some glaciers may, in fact, be relicts from the late Pleistocene Epoch, or from the late Holocene Epoch ÒLittle Ice Age,Ó and could not re-form under present, regional climatic conditions, if they were to completely melt. Because of the vastness and often inaccessibility of the glacierized regions of Canada, only 176 individual glaciers of the many thousands of glaciers have been studied in the field or with airborne and satellite remote sensing technology during the past 140 years. Between the 1940Õs and the present, 34 of these 176 glaciers or glacierized areas have been specially mapped one or more times, at scales ranging from 1:5,000 to 1:125,000. Dunbar and Greenway (1956) published an important book which included numerous trimetrogon aerial photographs of the glaciers of Arctic Canada; their pioneering work with available aerial photographs provided a regional overview of the most glacierized part of Canada and, in a sense, was a forerunner of the use of satellite images to document the areal extent of glacier ice in Canada. More than 120 years ago, the geologist Nathaniel Shaler and the physical geographer William Morris Davis (Shaler and Davis, 1881) pioneered in the use of ground photographs to provide a historical record of glaciers. As soon as new technology becomes available, scientists are quick to apply it to specific research needs. In the examples given, the successive technologies adopted to study glaciers were ground photography, aerial photography, and satellite imagery. The Glaciers of Canada section of this volume is divided into several sections; two main topical sections and one subsection follow this introduction. Three main sections and two subsections cover the glaciers of the Arctic Islands; three main sections and one subsection cover the glaciers of the Canadian Rockies, Coast Mountains, and St. Elias Mountains. It is obvious that the lack of scientific knowledge about most of the glaciers of Canada precludes a comprehensive discussion of all of the glacierized regions. However, the potential of satellite remote sensing, including the higher spatial and spectral resolution imagery of post-Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) images to investigate areal changes in CanadaÕs glaciers, is well documented in the following sections. The emphasis on 1970Õs images in this introduction and the following sections is due to the goal of compiling a global baseline of glacier area (in the 1970Õs time frame) in this Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World series. The first field observations of glaciers in Canada were made in 1861, nine years before Clarence R. King, the first Director of the U.S. Geological Survey (established in 1879), discovered Whitney Glacier on Mt. Shasta, Calif., and three more glaciers on the north slope of the volcano in 1870 (Williams and Ferrigno, 1997). Since that time, 176 glaciers in CanadaÑ13 in the St. Elias Mountains, 63 in the Coast Mountains, 10 in the Interior Ranges, 27 in the Rocky Mountains, 41 in the High Arctic, 10 in the Low Arctic, 5 in the Torngat Mountains of Labrador (Newfoundland), and 7 outside these glacierized areasÑhave been studied. These studies, in the post-World War II to the 1980Õs period, were driven by scientific, economic, security, and sovereignty concerns, including the impetus from major cooperative international scientific programs, such as the International Geophysical Year and the International Hydrological Decade. In 1999, the two Federal Departments having responsibilities in glaciology (Natural Resources Canada and Environment Canada) combined their glaciological expertise and resources to form a ÒNational Glaciology ProgrammeÓ (NGP). The NGP is housed at the Geological Survey of Canada [http://sts.gsc.nrcan.gc.ca] and is responsible, in part, for meeting CanadaÕs glacier-observation commitment to the World Meteorological OrganizationÕs (WMO) Global Climate Observing System and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural OrganizationÕs (UNESCO) International Hydrological Programme (IHP). This activity is complemented by participation in the ÒCRYSYSÓ program (to study variability and change of the Canadian CRYospheric SYStem) [http://www.crysys.uwaterloo.ca], whose academic and government partners conduct research on the Canadian cryosphere using conventional and remote sensing methods. As part of the glacier investigations during the past 140 years, especially between the middle 1940Õs and 1990Õs, one 1:4,000,000-scale map of the height of the glaciation level in western Canada and southern Alaska (glaciers shown in green) (Anonymous, 1978), one 1:2,000,000-scale map of glaciers and moraines in southern British Columbia and Alberta (glaciers shown in gray) (¯strem and others, 1966), seven 1:1,000,000-scale, 52 1:500,000 scale (Glacier Atlas of Canada), and 114 miscellaneous scale (1:2,500 to 1:125,000) maps of selected glaciers of Canada were published by governmental agencies and academic institutions. Satellite images, combined with digital-elevation models (DEMs) using geographic information systems (GIS) technology, are being used to produce new types of maps of CanadaÕs glaciers. Roger D. Wheate, Robert W. Sidjak, and Garnet T. Whyte provide examples of the application of these technologies to two glaciers in the Interior Ranges and Rocky Mountains. Until the preparation of this volume on the glaciers of Canada, the last effort to carry out a comprehensive review of the glacierized regions of Canada was done by William O. Field and his colleagues at the American Geographical Society (AGS) in the two-volume ÒMountain Glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere,Ó which also included an atlas containing 49 plates (Field, 1975c). The two volumes and atlas were produced by the AGS under contract with the Earth Sciences Division of the U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories and published by the Technical Information Analysis Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Hanover, New Hampshire). (An earlier, similar atlas was published in 1958 (Field and Associates, 1958).) They include a comprehensive collation of published reports and maps of the glaciers of Canada (and other glacierized regions of the Northern Hemisphere) and are an excellent source of information from a variety of historical and modern sources. For all of the glacierized regions of Canada, including those regions not addressed in this volume, relevant chapters in the 1975 volumes will be cited. In 1998, the Royal Canadian Geographical Society published, in the November/December 1998 issue of Canadian Geographic, an article on CanadaÕs glaciers (Anonymous, 1998) and an 8-page color map foldout (Shilts and others, 1998). Several of the maps that appeared in the foldout map are reproduced, with permission and with some minor modifications, in the following sections of the ÒGlaciers of Canada.Ó Another modern reference map of Canada is the 1:6,000,000-scale ÒNew Century Map of CanadaÓ published by Canadian Geographic in 1999 [http://www.canadiangeographic.ca]. See also the National Atlas (of Canada) Web site at [http://atlas.gc.ca], which will, in the near future, carry maps from the previously noted plates of the Glacier Atlas of Canada and contain links to available glacier-related data bases residing in government and university archives. Topical Sections Two topical sections follow this introduction. The two sections, written by C. Simon L. Ommanney, give a comprehensive review of ÒHistory of Glacier Investigations in CanadaÓ and ÒMapping CanadaÕs Glaciers.Ó The latter review is followed by a subsection on ÒMapping Glaciers in the Interior Ranges and Rocky Mountains with Landsat Data,Ó by Roger D. Wheate, Robert W. Sidjak, and Garnet T. Whyte. Glaciers of the Arctic Islands The glaciers of the Canadian Arctic represent the largest area (151,057 km2) and volume of glacier ice in Canada and include about 5 percent of the glacierized area of the Northern Hemisphere (fig. 1, and fig. 1 in ÒGlaciers of the High Arctic IslandsÓ). Ice caps and ice fields and associated outlet glaciers and smaller glaciers are present on several of the Queen Elizabeth Islands (Ellesmere, Axel Heiberg, Meighen, Coburg, Devon, and North Kent Islands, Nunavut, and in the western part of Melville Island, Northwest Territories) (Mercer, 1975b). Roy M. Koerner, in ÒGlaciers of the High Arctic Islands,Ó describes both dynamic and stagnant ice caps. These ice caps exhibit a very slow response to climate change. Even though the last 150 years have been the warmest in the past millennium, only very slight changes in area and volume of the ice caps can be discerned. Martin O. Jeffries describes historic and modern changes in the section ÒEllesmere Island Ice Shelves and Ice Islands,Ó including the use of Landsat MSS, RADARSAT synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and SPOT haute resolution visible (HRV) images to document changes in the ice shelves and ice plugs (multiyear landfast sea ice) that are located on the northwestern coast of Ellesmere Island. Although the ice shelves have been present since the middle Holocene Epoch, they were much more extensive in the past. The 20th century warming interval has resulted in a significant reduction in their areal extent. The glaciers of the Canadian Low Arctic are located on Baffin and Bylot Islands (Mercer, 1975a). About 45 percent of Bylot Island (4,859 km2) is covered by glaciers (see the bookÕs cover). On Baffin Island, glaciers are found on the northern and eastern coasts, from the northeastern part of the Brodeur and Borden Peninsulas to the eastern part of the Hall and Meta Incognita Peninsulas, Nunavut (fig. 1 in ÒGlaciers of Baffin IslandÓ). John T. Andrews addresses the geographic distribution and types of glaciers (ice caps and ice fields and associated outlet glaciers and smaller glaciers) in ÒGlaciers of Baffin Island,Ó with specific reference to the two large ice caps, Barnes Ice Cap (5,935 km2) and Penny Ice Cap (5,960 km2); he concludes these two ice masses contain ice that represents the last remnants of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (fig. 2). He also concludes that the Barnes Ice Cap is slowly shrinking, a recession that could accelerate if significant regional climate warming were to occur. Gerald Holdsworth, in his discussion entitled ÒBarnes Ice Cap: Geomorphology and Thermodynamics,Ó confirms that a whitish marginal strip of ice at the ice-cap margin has a d18O isotope value that indicates a late Pleistocene Epoch (Wisconsinan) age of the ice. John D. Jacobs examines ÒLate 20th Century Change of the Barnes Ice Cap Margin,Ó using both Landsat and RADARSAT SAR images to document recession of Lewis Glacier and the calving ice-front in Gee Lake. Figure 3 and table 2 show the optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the glaciers of the Arctic Islands. The southernmost glaciers in eastern North America are located in the Torngat Mountains, Labrador, Newfoundland (fig. 1), but are not discussed in this chapter. Fahn (1975) states that most of the glaciers are cirque glaciers that form clusters on the slopes of the highest peaks. She further notes that the 1975 climatic conditions in the Torngat Mountains are marginal and that the glaciers have been receding since the end of the ÒLittle Ice AgeÓ (LIA). Unpublished work by Ommanney (written commun., 2001) summarized the body of knowledge on the distribution of a significant number of rock glaciers in Labrador. Ommanney (written commun., 2001) and his colleagues also mapped one glacieret on the QuŽbec side of the provincial border with Labrador, so there is (or was?) at least one glacier(et) in QuŽbec. Glaciers of Western Canada The glaciers of the Rocky Mountains of Canada were discussed by Denton (1975a) in ÒMountain Glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere.Ó In this volume, C. Simon L. Ommanney provides a comprehensive review entitled ÒGlaciers of the Canadian Rockies.Ó He subdivides the Canadian Rockies into four mountain ranges, Border, Continental, Hart, and Muskwa Ranges, and discusses the extent of glacierization within the many smaller ranges and mountain groups that comprise these ranges. The Continental Ranges are heavily glacierized and include a number of major ice fields and outlet glaciers; the Columbia Icefield, with an area of 325 km2, is the largest glacier in the Rocky Mountains. In addition to the large ice fields and associated outlet glaciers, many smaller mountain glaciers are distributed throughout the ranges. The Interior Ranges (fig. 4) of British Columbia, situated between the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Coast Mountains on the west, are not discussed in this volume, except with reference to glaciological research and glacier mapping in the ÒHistory of Glacier Investigations in CanadaÓ and in ÒMapping CanadaÕs Glaciers,Ó by C. Simon L. Ommanney and for an analysis of the Illecillewaet Glacier and Illecillewaet NŽvŽ in the Selkirk Mountains within the Columbia Mountains in the section on ÒMapping Glaciers in the Interior Ranges and Rocky Mountains with Landsat Data,Ó by Roger D. Wheate, Robert W. Sidjak, and Garnet T. Whyte. Figure 5 and table 3 provide a list and assessment of the optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS images of the glaciers of the Canadian Interior Ranges and Rocky Mountains. A brief review of the ÒInterior Ranges of British ColumbiaÓ by Denton (1975c) will provide some perspective, however. Denton (1975c) stated that the Selkirk, Purcell, Cariboo, and Monashee Mountains within the Columbia Mountains are glacierized. Part of the Omineca and Cassiar Mountains, including the Swannell Ranges, the Skeena Mountains, and the Stikine Plateau, also contain glaciers (fig. 4). Denton (1975c) concluded that the Finlay, Hogem, Stikine, and Kechika Ranges of the Omineca and Cassiar Mountains and the Hazelton Mountains did not have glaciers (fig. 4). The ÒGlaciers of the Coast Mountains (Pacific Ranges and Cascade Mountains) and Coast Ranges of British ColumbiaÓ were previously discussed by Denton (1975b). Ommanney (1972) provided comprehensive information about glaciers on Vancouver Island [Canada: Environment: Inland Waters Branch (1971a, b)], considered to be part of the Coast Ranges (fig. 1). Field (1975a) also addressed the ÒGlaciers of the Coast Mountains: Boundary Ranges (Alaska, British Columbia, and Yukon Territory.)Ó In this volume, Garry K.C. Clarke and Gerald Holdsworth discuss some aspects of the ÒGlaciers of the Coast Mountains,Ó with special emphasis on glaciological hazards, such as jškulhlaups, the use of small glaciers as recreational resources, and the special problems associated with carrying out mining operations in glacierized regions. The St. Elias Mountains are considered to be the most spectacular series of mountain ranges in North America. They are heavily glacierized and include three of the six highest mountain peaks on the continent. Mt. Logan, Yukon Territory, Canada, at 5,959 m [http://www.ice2001.com], is second only to Mt. McKinley (6,194 m), Alaska, in elevation. The St. Elias Mountains lie along the international border of the United States and Canada, between Alaska and Yukon Territory (fig. 1 in ÒHistory of Glacier Investigations in Canada,Ó and fig. 1 in ÒGlaciers of the St. Elias MountainsÓ). Field (1975b) described the St. Elias Mountains in his compilation. Garry K.C. Clarke and Gerald Holdsworth, in the ÒGlaciers of the St. Elias MountainsÓ section of this volume, describe some of the valley glaciers, plateau glaciers, ice fields and associated outlet glaciers, and piedmont glaciers that characterize the region. The glaciers are classified as temperate, subpolar, and cold; at least 136 of the subpolar glaciers are surge-type glaciers. In a special section, ÒQuantitative Measurements of Tweedsmuir Glacier and Lowell Glacier Imagery,Ó Gerald Holdworth, Philip J. Howarth, and C. Simon L. Ommanney discuss the application of sequential Landsat images to two surging glaciers. Figure 6 and table 4 provide a list and assessment of the optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the Coast and St. Elias Mountains of Canada. Several mountain groups in the Yukon and Northwest Territories (fig. 7) have glaciers according to Horvath (1975), including the Hess and Wernecke Mountains in the Selwyn Mountains, the Ogilvie Mountains, and the Backbone and Canyon Ranges of the Mackenzie Mountains. The Logan Mountains, located in the Selwyn Mountains, have glaciers according to provisional (as of 1985) NTS 1:50,000-scale map sheets (Demuth, written commun., 2001). Demuth (written commun., 2001) is evaluating the feasibility of establishing a glacier mass-balance-monitoring site near the Cirque of the Unclimbables in the Logan Mountains. The Yukon Plateau and the Kluane Ranges may also have glaciers (Ommanney, written commun., 2001). None of the these mountains are covered in this volume. Ommanney (1993) reported on an inventory of Yukon glaciers based on hydrologic basins. Glaciers on the Alaska side of the hydrologic divide account for about 7,250 km2 of ice; those within the Yukon divide, feeding the Yukon River, about 3,000 km2, and those within the Alsek River basin, draining through the Panhandle into the Pacific Ocean, account for about 3,800 km2 of ice. Landsat MSS images are most useful in the study of changes in large glaciers, ice caps and ice fields, and associated outlet glaciers in Arctic Canada, and of ice fields and associated outlet glaciers, and valley glaciers in western Canada. The retreat of glaciers in western Canada can be delineated on Landsat images, time-lapse image coverage that now spans three decades of data acquisition beginning in 1972 with Landsat 1, followed by Landsats 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7. The trend toward an increase in the number of spectral bands and spatial resolution (15 m with the Landsat 7 enhanced thematic mapper (ETM+) and multispectral stereoscopic sensor on the advanced thermal emission and reflectance radiometer (ASTER) on the Terra Spacecraft); the surface-elevation profile capability of the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), estimated to be ±1 m; the all-weather radar sensors, such as the Canadian RADARSAT; and high-resolution panchromatic IKONOS and QuickBird-2 images [1-m picture elements (pixels) and 61-cm pixels, respectively) will provide new opportunities for glaciologists to use satellite remote sensing and GIS technologies to monitor changes in the area and volume of glaciers in the future (Williams and others, 1997; Williams and Hall, 1998). The following sections are directed primarily at an analysis and evaluation of Landsat MSS (and RBV) images of selected Canadian glaciers, in the context of the history of glacier investigations and glacier mapping in Canada, as a contribution to the objective of establishing a global baseline of glacier area during the 1970Õs. Although the pixel resolution of Landsat MSS images (79 m) generally precluded analysis of changes in small glaciers, the MSS images do provide an objective historical, time-precise record of the areal extent of large glaciers (that comprise most of the glacier area in Canada) during the 1970Õs. References Cited Anonymous, 1978, Height of the glaciation level in western Canada and southern Alaska: Oslo, 1:4,000,000-scale map, in Height of the glaciation level in northern British Columbia and southeastern Alaska: Geografiska Annaler, v. 54A, p. 76Ð84. ÑÑÑ1998, Rivers of ice: Canadian Geographic, v. 118, no. 7, p. 34Ð39. Canada: Environment: Inland Waters Branch, 1971a, 8.8.1Ñ South Vancouver Island, glacier inventory, area 4*8H: Ottawa, Ontario, produced by the Inland Waters Branch, Department of the Environment; printed by the Surveys and Mapping Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, map. (Glacier Atlas of Canada IWB 1137, scale 1:500,000.) Canada: Environment: Inland Waters Branch, 1971b, 8.8.2Ñ Northern Vancouver Island, glacier inventory, area 4*8H: Ottawa, Ontario, produced by the Inland Waters Branch, Department of the Environment; printed by the Surveys and Mapping Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, map. (Glacier Atlas of Canada IWB 1139, scale 1:500,000.) Denton, G.H., 1975a, Glaciers of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 1: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 603Ð653. ÑÑÑ1975b, Glaciers of the Coast Mountains (Pacific Ranges and Cascade Mountains) and Coast Ranges of British Columbia, in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 1: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 671Ð687. ÑÑÑ1975c, Glaciers of the Interior Ranges of British Columbia, in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 1: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 655Ð670. Dunbar, M., and Greenway, K.R., 1956, Arctic Canada from the air: Ottawa, QueenÕs Printer, 541 p. Fahn, C., 1975, Glaciers of northern Labrador, in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 2: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 673Ð682. Field, W.O., Jr., 1975a, Glaciers of the Coast MountainsÑBoundary Ranges (Alaska, British Columbia, and Yukon Territory), in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 2: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 11Ð141. ÑÑÑ1975b, Glaciers of the St. Elias Mountains, in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 2: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 143Ð297. ÑÑÑ1975c, Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., v. 1, 698 p., v. 2, 932 p., atlas, 49 plates. Field, W.O, and Associates, 1958, Atlas of mountain glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere: Natick, Mass., Headquarters Quartermaster Research and Engineering Command, U.S. Army Research and Engineering Center, Environmental Protection Research Division, Technical Report EPÐ92, unpaginated, various plates. Henoch, W.E.S., 1967, Surface measurements of glacierized area in Canada: Ottawa, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Water Research Branch, Glaciology Section, unpublished manuscript, 4 p. Horvath, Eva, 1975, Glaciers of the Yukon and Northwest Territories (excluding the Queen Elizabeth Islands and St. Elias Mountains), in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 1: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 689Ð698. Koerner, R.M., 1968, Fabric analysis of a core from the Meighen Ice Cap, Northwest Territories, Canada: Journal of Glaciology, v. 7, no. 51, p. 421Ð430. Mercer, J.H., 1975a, Glaciers of Baffin and Bylot Islands, in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 2: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 683Ð721. ÑÑÑ1975b, Glaciers of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, N.W.T., Canada, in Field, W.O., ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere, v. 2: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., p. 723Ð752. Ommanney, C.S.L., 1969, Glacier inventory of Canada-Axel Heiberg Island, Northwest Territories: Ottawa, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Inland Waters Branch Technical Bulletin No. 37, 97 p. Ommanney, Simon, 1970, The Canadian glacier inventory, in Glaciers, Proceedings of Workshop Seminar, 1970; Ottawa Canadian National Committee, the International Hydrological Decade, p. 23Ð30. Ommanney, C.S.L., 1972, Application of the Canadian glacier inventory to studies of the static water balance. 1. The glaciers of Vancouver Island, in Adams, W.P., and Helleiner, F.M., eds., International Geography 1972, v. 2: Toronto, University of Toronto Press, p. 1266Ð1268. ÑÑÑ1993, Yukon glaciers, in Prowse, T.D., Ommanney, C.S.L., and Ulmer, K.E., eds., International Northern Research Basins Symposium/Workshop, 9th, Whitehorse, Dawson City, Eagle Plains, Yukon; Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 1992, Proceedings: Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada, v. 1, p. 373Ð382. (NHRI Symposium 10.) ¯strem, Gunnar, Arnold, K.C., and Simpson, K., compilers, 1966, Glaciers and moraines in southern British Columbia and Alberta, 1:2,000,000-scale map, in ¯strem, G., and Arnold, K., 1970, Ice-cored moraines in southern British Columbia and Alberta, Canada: Geografiska Annaler, v. 52A, p. 120Ð128. Shaler, N.S., and Davis, W.M., 1881, Illustrations of the EarthÕs surface: Glaciers: Boston, J.R. Osgood and Co., 198 p. Shilts, Elizabeth, Fick, Steven, Murray, Andrew, and McLean, Janice, 1998, The glaciers of Canada: Canadian Geographic, v. 118, no. 7, p. 51Ð52 (8-page foldout, color map). Williams, R.S., Jr., and Ferrigno, J.G., workshop coordinators, 1997, Final Report of the Workshop on Long-Term Monitoring of Glaciers of North America and Northwestern Europe: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98Ð31, 144 p. Williams, R.S., Jr., Garvin, J.B., SigurÄsson, O., Hall, D.K., and Ferrigno, J.G., 1997, Measurement of changes in the area and volume of the EarthÕs large glaciers with satellite sensors, in Williams, R.S., Jr., and Ferrigno, J.G., workshop coordinators, Final Report of the Workshop on Long-Term Monitoring of Glaciers of North America and Northwestern Europe: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98Ð31, p. 74Ð76. Williams, R.S., Jr., and Hall, D.K., 1998, Use of remote sensing techniques, in Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M., and Suter, S., eds., Into the 2nd century of world glacier monitoring: Prospects and strategies: A contribution to the International Hydrological Programme (IHP), and the Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), World Glacier Monitoring Service: Paris, UNESCO Publishing, Studies and Reports in Hydrology, Publication 56, p. 97Ð111. Figure 1.ÑGeographic locations of the currently glacierized regions of Canada (and Greenland and Iceland), by S. Fick and A. Murray (see also Shilts and others, 1998), from the 1998 Canadian Geographic, v. 118, no. 7, Sources: Geomatics Canada, Glacier Atlas of Canada, National Hydrology Research Centre. Used with permission. Figure 2.ÑGlacierization of Canada (and Greenland and Iceland) during the Pleistocene Epoch, by S. Fick and A. Murray (see also Shilts and others, 1998), from the 1998 Canadian Geographic, v. 118, no. 7, Sources: Geomatics Canada, Glacier Atlas of Canada, National Hydrology Research Centre. Used with permission. Figure 3.ÑOptimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the glaciers of the Arctic Islands of Canada. Figure 4.ÑMap of the major mountain ranges in the Interior Ranges of British Columbia. Glacierized ranges indicated in green, non-glacierized in black. Figure 5.ÑOptimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS images of the glaciers of the Canadian Rocky Mountains and Interior Ranges. Figure 6.ÑOptimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the glaciers of the Coast and St. Elias Mountains of Canada. Figure 7.ÑMap of the major mountain ranges in the Yukon and Northwest Territories of Canada. Glacierized ranges indicated in green. Table 1.ÑEstimated glacier area in Canada (from Ommanney, 1970) [1, Approximation from previous estimates; 2, Ommanney (1969); 3, Koerner (1968); 4, Measured value from National Topographic System (NTS) 1:250,000-scale maps; 5, Henoch (1967)] Location of Glaciers Estimated Glacier Area (square kilometers) ARCTIC ISLANDS Ellesmere 80,000 1 Ice Shelves (Ellesmere) 500 1 Axel Heiberg 11,735 2 Devon 16,200 1 Coburg 225 1 Meighen 85 3 Melville 160 4 North Kent 152 4 Subtotal 109,057 Baffin 37,000 1 Bylot 5,000 1 Subtotal Arctic 151,057 MAINLAND DRAINAGE BASINS Pacific 37,659 5 Nelson 328 5 Great Slave 626 5 Yukon 10, 564 5 Arctic Ocean 840 5 Labrador 24 5 Subtotal Mainland 50,041 Total Canada 201,098 Table 2.ÑOptimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of the glaciers of the Arctic Islands of Canada [The images archived by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) are not identified on the CCRS Website (http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca) by Landsat identification number but can be located by path (track), row (frame), and date. The images archived by the EROS Data Center (EDC) (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov) are no longer located or ordered by the Landsat identification number on the image but by a different entity number that incorporates satellite number, path, row, and date] Path-Row Nominal scene center (lat-long) Landsat identification number Date Solar elevation angle (degrees) Code Cloud cover (percent) Remarks 16Ð13 66¡40'N. 60¡28'W. 20202Ð14590 12 Aug 75 37 0 Baffin Island 16Ð14 65¡20'N. 61¡57'W. 20202Ð14592 12 Aug 75 38 5 17Ð13 66¡40'N. 61¡55'W. 20185Ð15051 26 Jul 75 42 0 Image used for AndrewsÕ figure 17 17Ð14 65¡20'N. 63¡23'W. 20185Ð15053 26 Jul 75 43 0 17Ð15 63¡59'N. 64¡44'W. 1747Ð15083 09 Aug 74 40 10 EDC1; image used for AndrewsÕ figure 18 17Ð16 62¡38'N. 65¡58'W. 1747Ð15090 09 Aug 74 41 10 EDC; Terra Nivea and Grinnell Glacier; image used for AndrewsÕ figure 19 18Ð13 66¡40'N. 63¡21'W. 20186Ð15105 27 Jul 75 42 45 18Ð14 65¡20'N. 64¡49'W. 20186Ð15112 27 Jul 75 43 15 18Ð15 63¡59'N. 66¡10'W. 20204Ð15111 14 Aug 75 39 0 18Ð16 62¡38'N. 67¡24'W. 1712Ð15160 05 Jul 74 47 0 EDC 19Ð12 67¡59'N. 63¡08'W. 21663Ð15101 12 Aug 79 34 0 19Ð13 66¡40'N. 64¡47'W. 21663Ð15103 12 Aug 79 35 10 Penny Ice Cap; image used for AndrewsÕ figure 16 19Ð13 66¡40'N. 64¡47'W. 30156Ð15172 A, B, C, D 08 Aug 78 38Ð39 5Ð30 Landsat 3 RBV1 19Ð14 65¡20'N. 66¡15'W. 21663Ð15110 12 Aug 79 36 0 19Ð14 65¡20'N. 66¡15'W. 30156Ð15174 A, B, C, D 08 Aug 78 39Ð40 0 19Ð16 62¡38'N. 68¡50'W. 21303Ð14584 17 Aug 78 ~39 0 20Ð12 67¡59'N. 64¡34'W. 11488Ð14431 19 Aug 76 32 0 Penny Ice Cap; extensive snow cover 20Ð13 66¡40'N. 66¡13'W. 11488Ð14434 19 Aug 76 33 0 Extensive snow cover 21Ð12 67¡59'N. 66¡00'W. 11453Ð14515 15 Jul 76 41 0 Penny Ice Cap 21Ð13 66¡40'N. 67¡39'W. 11453Ð14521 15 Jul 76 42 0 22Ð11 69¡17'N. 65¡37'W. 11829Ð14232 26 Jul 77 37 40 22Ð12 67¡59'N. 67¡26'W. 11829Ð14234 26 Jul 77 37 30 23Ð11 69¡17'N. 67¡03'W. 20911Ð15163 21 Jul 77 40 30 23Ð12 67¡59'N. 68¡52'W. 20911Ð15165 21 Jul 77 41 0 24Ð10 70¡35'N. 66¡28'W. 20912Ð15214 22 Jul 77 39 0 24Ð11 69¡17'N. 68¡29'W. 20912Ð15221 22 Jul 77 40 0 25Ð10 70¡35'N. 67¡54'W. 11850Ð14380 16 Aug 77 30 0 25Ð11 69¡17'N. 69¡55'W. 11850Ð14382 16 Aug 77 31 5 Southeastern end of Barnes Ice Cap 26Ð10 70¡35'N. 69¡20'W. 21292Ð15355 06 Aug 78 ~36 0 26Ð11 69¡17'N. 71¡21'W. 21328Ð15380 11 Sep 78 22 10 Southeastern end of Barnes Ice Cap 26Ð11 69¡17'N. 71¡21'W. 30721Ð15514 A, B 24 Feb 80 10 30 Landsat 3 RBV; subscene B used for AndrewsÕ figure 15 27Ð10 70¡35'N. 70¡46'W. 1379Ð16124 06 Aug 73 36 0 Barnes Ice Cap 27Ð11 69¡17'N. 72¡48'W. 1379Ð16130 06 Aug 73 37 0 Barnes Ice Cap 27Ð11 69¡17'N. 72¡48'W. 30722Ð15572 B, C 25 Feb 80 ~11 0 Barnes Ice Cap; Landsat 3 RBV 28Ð09 71¡50'N. 69¡54'W. 10380Ð16180 07 Aug 73 35 0 28Ð10 70¡35'N. 72¡12'W. 10380Ð16182 07 Aug 73 36 0 Barnes Ice Cap; image used for AndrewsÕ figure 5 28Ð10 70¡35'N. 72¡12'W. 30525Ð16065 12 Aug 79 32 0 Barnes Ice Cap; image used for AndrewsÕ figure 8A 28Ð11 69¡17'N. 74¡14'W. 10380Ð16185 07 Aug 73 37 0 Barnes Ice Cap 28Ð11 69¡17'N. 74¡14'W. 30525Ð16071 12 Aug 79 33 0 Barnes Ice Cap 29Ð09 71¡50'N. 71¡20'W. 30526Ð16120 13 Aug 79 31 20 29Ð10 70¡35'N. 73¡38'W. 11119Ð15585 16 Aug 75 33 0 29Ð10 70¡35'N. 73¡38'W. 30526Ð16122 B, D 13 Aug 79 30 0Ð20 Landsat 3 RBV 30Ð09 71¡50'N. 72¡46'W. 11855Ð15054 21 Aug 77 28 0 Extensive snow cover 30Ð09 71¡50'N. 72¡46'W. 30491Ð16174 D 09 Jul 79 41 0 Landsat 3 RBV 30Ð10 70¡35'N. 75¡04'W. 11855Ð15060 21 Aug 77 29 5 Barnes Ice Cap 30Ð10 70¡35'N. 75¡04'W. 30491Ð16181 B 09 Jul 79 41 0 Landsat 3 RBV 30Ð10 70¡35'N. 75¡04'W. 30725Ð16141 D 28 Feb 80 11 20 Landsat 3 RBV 31Ð09 71¡50'N. 74¡13'W. 11463Ð15471 25 Jul 76 37 15 31Ð09 71¡50'N. 74¡13'W. 30546Ð16232 C, D 02 Sep 79 26 15Ð20 Landsat 3 RBV 31Ð10 70¡35'N. 76¡30'W. 11463Ð15473 25 Jul 76 37 0 32Ð08 73¡04'N. 73¡03'W. 11464Ð15522 26 Jul 76 36 0 32Ð09 71¡50'N. 75¡39'W. 11857Ð15170 23 Aug 77 27 40 32Ð09 71¡50'N. 75¡39'W. 30547Ð16290 A, B, C, D 03 Sep 79 25Ð26 0Ð10 Landsat 3 RBV 33Ð08 73¡04'N. 74¡29'W. 1403Ð16455 30 Aug 73 26 0 33Ð09 71¡50'N. 77¡05'W. 1403Ð16461 30 Aug 73 27 0 Image used for AndrewsÕ figure 4 33Ð09 71¡50'N. 77¡05'W. 30548Ð16345 A, B, C, D 04 Sep 79 25Ð26 20Ð30 Landsat 3 RBV 34Ð08 73¡04'N. 75¡55'W. 11841Ð15294 07 Aug 77 32 50 34Ð09 71¡50'N. 78¡31'W. 1404Ð16515 31 Aug 73 27 0 34Ð09 71¡50'N. 78¡31'W. 30549Ð16403 A, B 05 Sep 79 25 20Ð50 Landsat 3 RBV 35Ð08 73¡04'N. 77¡21'W. 11842Ð15352 08 Aug 77 31 15 35Ð08 73¡04'N. 77¡21'W. 30586Ð16445 C, D 12 Oct 79 10 10Ð20 Landsat 3 RBV 35Ð09 71¡50'N. 79¡57'W. 11125Ð16323 22 Aug 75 30 20 35Ð09 71¡50'N. 79¡57'W. 30586Ð16452 A, B 12 Oct 79 10 20Ð40 Landsat 3 RBV 36Ð08 73¡04'N. 78¡47'W. 20204Ð16513 14 Aug 75 31 0 Bylot Island 36Ð08 73¡04'N. 78¡47'W. 30173Ð16525 D 25 Aug 78 28 20 Landsat 3 RBV 36Ð09 71¡50'N. 81¡23'W. 11468Ð16152 30 Jul 76 35 0 37Ð07 74¡16'N. 77¡14'W. 20943Ð16332 22 Aug 77 27 0 37Ð07 74¡16'N. 77¡14'W. 30516Ð16572 D 03 Aug 79 33 50 Landsat 3 RBV 37Ð08 73¡04'N. 80¡13'W. 20943Ð16335 22 Aug 77 28 0 Image used for AndrewsÕ figure 3 37Ð09 71¡50'N. 82¡49'W. 20943Ð16341 22 Aug 77 29 0 38Ð06 75¡25'N. 75¡14'W. 20944Ð16384 23 Aug 77 26 0 38Ð07 74¡16'N. 78¡40'W. 20926Ð16400 05 Aug 77 32 50 Eastern end of Devon Island 38Ð08 73¡04'N. 81¡39'W. 11827Ð15540 24 Jul 77 35 10 38Ð08 73¡04'N. 81¡39'W. 30589Ð17020 C, D 15 Oct 79 9 10Ð20 Landsat 3 RBV 38Ð09 71¡50'N. 84¡15'W. 30589Ð17023 A, B 15 Oct 79 9 0 Landsat 3 RBV 39Ð06 75¡25'N. 76¡40'W. 11147Ð16525 13 Sep 75 19 0 39Ð07 74¡16'N. 80¡06'W. 20207Ð17081 17 Aug 75 29 15 39Ð08 73¡04'N. 83¡05'W. 1733Ð17123 26 Jul 74 36 10 39Ð08 73¡04'N. 83¡05'W. 30482Ð17091 A, B, C, D 30 Jun 79 40 0 Landsat 3 RBV 40Ð05 76¡31'N. 74¡08'W. 11130Ð16591 27 Aug 75 24 0 40Ð06 75¡25'N. 78¡06'W. 11130Ð16593 27 Aug 75 25 10 Eastern end of Devon Island 40Ð07 74¡16'N. 81¡32'W. 11130Ð17000 27 Aug 75 26 0 Eastern end of Devon Island 40Ð08 73¡04'N. 84¡31'W. 11130Ð17002 27 Aug 75 27 15 41Ð05 76¡31'N. 75¡34'W. 20209Ð17184 19 Aug 75 26 40 Southeastern corner of Ellesmere Island 41Ð06 75¡25'N. 79¡33'W. 20551Ð17124 26 Jul 76 34 5 Devon Ice Cap 41Ð07 74¡16'N. 82¡58'W. 20551Ð17130 26 Jul 76 35 0 Extensive snow cover 41Ð08 73¡04'N. 85¡57'W. 21307Ð17015 21 Aug 78 ~28 5 42Ð05 76¡31'N. 77¡00'W. 20948Ð17010 27 Aug 77 24 10 Southeastern corner of Ellesmere Island 42Ð06 75¡25'N. 80¡59'W. 20948Ð17012 27 Aug 77 25 25 Devon Ice Cap 42Ð07 74¡16'N. 84¡24'W. 1376Ð17372 03 Aug 73 33 10 EDC 43Ð04 77¡33'N. 73¡49'W. 20553Ð17231 28 Jul 76 31 5 43Ð05 76¡31'N. 78¡26'W. 20553Ð17234 28 Jul 76 32 10 43Ð06 75¡25'N. 82¡25'W. 20553Ð17240 28 Jul 76 34 30 Devon Ice Cap 43Ð07 74¡16'N. 85¡50'W. 20553Ð17243 28 Jul 76 35 0 Extensive snow cover 44Ð03 78¡29'N. 69¡53'W. 20554Ð17283 29 Jul 76 30 5 44Ð04 77¡33'N. 75¡15'W. 11458Ð17000 20 Jul 76 33 0 Extensive snow cover 44Ð05 76¡31'N. 79¡53'W. 11458Ð17003 20 Jul 76 34 10 Extensive snow cover 44Ð06 75¡25'N. 83¡51'W. 30523Ð17365 10 Aug 79 28 20 Image used for KoernerÕs figure 2 44Ð07 74¡16'N. 87¡17'W. 1378Ð17485 05 Aug 73 32 0 EDC 45Ð03 78¡29'N. 71¡19'W. 20555Ð17341 30 Jul 76 30 25 45Ð04 77¡33'N. 76¡41'W. 11459Ð17054 21 Jul 76 33 0 Extensive snow cover 45Ð05 76¡31'N. 81¡19'W. 11459Ð17060 21 Jul 76 34 10 Extensive snow cover 45Ð06 75¡25'N. 85¡17'W. 20951Ð17183 30 Aug 77 23 10 Extensive snow cover 45Ð07 74¡16'N. 88¡43'W. 30524Ð17430 11 Aug 79 29 0 46Ð03 78¡29'N. 72¡45'W. 11514Ð17063 14 Sep 76 15 0 Eastern side of Ellesmere Island 46Ð04 77¡33'N. 78¡07'W. 1758Ð17500 20 Aug 74 25 0 Eastern side of Ellesmere Island; image used for KoernerÕs figure 5 46Ð05 76¡31'N. 82¡45'W. 1758Ð17503 20 Aug 74 26 0 Southeastern corner of Ellesmere Island 46Ð05 76¡31'N. 82¡45'W. 30561Ð17473 A, B, D 17 Sep 79 15Ð16 10Ð20 Landsat 3 RBV 46Ð06 75¡25'N. 86¡43'W. 1758Ð17505 20 Aug 74 27 0 46Ð07 74¡16'N. 90¡09'W. 1758Ð17512 20 Aug 74 28 0 47Ð02 79¡19'N. 67¡56'W. 2520Ð17403 25 Jun 76 33 20 EDC; Landsat 2 RBV 47Ð03 78¡29'N. 74¡11'W. 11461Ð17163 23 Jul 76 32 0 Extensive snow cover 47Ð04 77¡33'N. 79¡33'W. 11854Ð16411 20 Aug 77 25 10 Southeastern Ellesmere Island 47Ð05 76¡31'N. 84¡11'W. 11497Ð17142 28 Aug 76 23 15 47Ð06 75¡25'N. 88¡09'W. 30184Ð17552 05 Sep 78 ~20 40 Devon Island 47Ð07 74¡16'N. 91¡35'W. 1399Ð18054 26 Aug 73 26 0 Extensive snow cover 48Ð02 79¡19'N. 69¡22'W. 2558Ð17505 02 Aug 76 27 30 EDC; Landsat 2 RBV 48Ð03 78¡29'N. 75¡37'W. 1760Ð18010 22 Aug 74 23 0 Ellesmere Island; Prince of Wales Icefield; image used for KoernerÕs figure 5 48Ð04 77¡33'N. 81¡00'W. 1760Ð18013 22 Aug 74 24 0 Ellesmere Island; Prince of Wales Icefield 48Ð05 76¡31'N. 85¡37'W. 1760Ð18015 22 Aug 74 25 10 Ellesmere Island; Sydkap Ice Cap; image used for KoernerÕs figure 4 48Ð06 75¡25'N. 89¡35'W. 1760Ð18022 22 Aug 74 26 40 49Ð02 79¡19'N. 70¡48'W. 2559Ð17563 03 Aug 76 27 0 EDC 49Ð03 78¡29'N. 77¡03'W. 20559Ð17570 03 Aug 76 29 10 Ellesmere Island; Prince of Wales Icefield 49Ð04 77¡33'N. 82¡26'W. 20559Ð17573 03 Aug 76 30 40 Ellesmere Island; Prince of Wales Icefield 49Ð04 77¡33'N. 82¡26'W. 30546Ð18043 D 02 Sep 79 21 30 Landsat 3 RBV 49Ð05 76¡31'N. 87¡03'W. 11463Ð17284 25 Jul 76 33 0 Ellesmere Island; Sydkap Ice Cap 49Ð05 76¡31'N. 87¡03'W. 30546Ð18050 B, D 02 Sep 79 21Ð22 10 Landsat 3 RBV 50Ð01 80¡01'N. 65¡04'W. 2614Ð18002 27 Sep 76 6 50 EDC 50Ð02 79¡19'N. 72¡14'W. 2597Ð18070 10 Sep 76 14 50 EDC 50Ð03 78¡29'N. 78¡29'W. 30511Ð18100 29 Jul 79 28 10 Ellesmere Island; Prince of Wales Icefield 50Ð04 77¡33'N. 83¡52'W. 11839Ð17000 05 Aug 77 29 10 Ellesmere Island; Sydkap Ice Cap 50Ð04 77¡33'N. 83¡52'W. 30187Ð18114 A, B 08 Sep 78 18 10Ð50 Landsat 3 RBV 50Ð05 76¡31'N. 88¡29'W. 11839Ð17002 05 Aug 77 30 0 51Ð01 80¡01'N. 66¡30'W. 2548Ð18361 23 Jul 76 27 10 EDC; northeastern Ellesmere Island; Landsat 2 RBV 51Ð02 79¡19'N. 73¡40'W. 2543Ð18083 18 Jul 76 31 0 EDC; northeastern Ellesmere Island; Landsat 2 RBV 51Ð03 78¡29'N. 79¡55'W. 11465Ð17391 27 Jul 76 31 5 Ellesmere Island; Prince of Wales Icefield 51Ð04 77¡33'N. 85¡18'W. 11465Ð17394 27 Jul 76 32 5 51Ð04 77¡33'N. 85¡18'W. 30206Ð18174 B, D 27 Sep 78 11 20 Landsat 3 RBV 51Ð05 76¡31'N. 89¡55'W. 11465Ð17400 27 Jul 76 33 10 52Ð01 80¡01'N. 67¡56'W. 2544Ð18135 19 Jul 76 29 0 EDC; northeastern Ellesmere Island; Landsat 2 RBV 52Ð02 79¡19'N. 75¡06'W. 20544Ð18142 19 Jul 76 31 10 52Ð02 79¡19'N. 75¡06'W. 30531Ð18211 D 18 Aug 79 24 70 Landsat 3 RBV 52Ð03 78¡29'N. 81¡21'W. 20904Ð17595 14 Jul 77 33 0 52Ð03 78¡29'N. 81¡21'W. 30521Ð18213 B 18 Aug 79 24 20 Landsat 3 RBV 52Ð04 77¡33'N. 86¡44'W. 20904Ð18002 14 Jul 77 34 10 52Ð04 77¡33'N. 86¡44'W. 30207Ð18232 B, D 28 Sep 78 10 20Ð30 Landsat 3 RBV 52Ð05 76¡31'N. 91¡21'W. 20904Ð18004 14 Jul 77 35 0 53Ð01 80¡01'N. 69¡22'W. 2550Ð18474 25 Jul 76 27 5 EDC; Landsat 2 RBV 53Ð02 79¡19'N. 76¡32'W. 11860Ð17141 26 Aug 77 21 5 53Ð03 78¡29'N. 82¡47'W. 11860Ð17144 26 Aug 77 22 0 53Ð03 78¡29'N. 82¡47'W. 21265Ð18063 10 Jul 78 ~34 0 Ablation area visible 53Ð03 78¡29'N. 82¡47'W. 30208Ð18284 C, D 29 Sep 78 9 10Ð40 Landsat 3 RBV 53Ð04 77¡33'N. 88¡10'W. 30514Ð18274 01 Aug 79 28 30 53Ð04 77¡33'N. 88¡10'W. 30208Ð18291 D 29 Sep 78 10 20 Landsat 3 RBV 53Ð05 76¡31'N. 92¡47'W. 30514Ð18280 01 Aug 79 29 0 54Ð01 80¡01'N. 70¡48'W. 2583Ð18295 27 Aug 76 18 0 EDC; Ellesmere Island; eastern Agassiz Ice Cap; Landsat 2 RBV 54Ð02 79¡19'N. 77¡58'W. 11843Ð17214 09 Aug 77 26 5 54Ð02 79¡19'N. 77¡58'W. 30191Ð18335 C, D 12 Sep 78 14 10Ð20 Landsat 3 RBV 54Ð03 78¡29'N. 84¡13'W. 21644Ð18270 24 Jul 79 29 20 54Ð03 78¡29'N. 84¡13'W. 30191Ð18342 B, D 12 Sep 78 15 10Ð30 Landsat 3 RBV 54Ð04 77¡33'N. 89¡36'W. 20546Ð18263 21 Jul 76 33 0 54Ð05 76¡31'N. 94¡13'W. 20924Ð18111 03 Aug 77 31 0 55Ð01 80¡01'N. 72¡14'W. 2601Ð18292 14 Sep 76 11 0 EDC; Ellesmere Island; Agassiz Ice Cap; Landsat 2 RBV 55Ð02 79¡19'N. 79¡24'W. 11109Ð18251 06 Aug 75 27 0 55Ð02 79¡19'N. 79¡24'W. 30192Ð18394 C, D 13 Sep 78 14 20Ð50 Landsat 3 RBV 55Ð03 78¡29'N. 85¡39'W. 30516Ð18384 03 Aug 79 27 10 Southern Axel Heiberg Island 55Ð03 78¡29'N. 85¡39'W. 30516Ð18384 B, C, D 03 Aug 79 27 0Ð5 Southern Axel Heiberg Island; Landsat 3 RBV 55Ð04 77¡33'N. 91¡02'W. 30516Ð18391 03 Aug 79 28 0 55Ð04 77¡33'N. 91¡02'W. 30516Ð18391 A, D 03 Aug 79 28 0 Landsat 3 RBV 55Ð05 76¡31'N. 95¡39'W. 1371Ð18511 29 Jul 73 ~31 50 EDC 56Ð01 80¡01'N. 73¡40'W. 2591Ð19151 04 Sep 76 14 10 EDC; Ellesmere Island; Agassiz Ice Cap; Landsat 2 RBV 56Ð02 79¡19'N. 80¡50'W. 20548Ð18371 23 Jul 76 30 0 56Ð03 78¡29'N. 87¡05'W. 20926Ð18214 05 Aug 77 28 20 Southern Axel Heiberg Island 56Ð03 78¡29'N. 87¡05'W. 20548Ð18373 23 Jul 76 31 0 Southern Axel Heiberg Island 56Ð04 77¡33'N. 92¡28'W. 30517Ð18445 04 Aug 79 27 0 57Ð01 80¡01'N. 75¡06'W. 2548Ð18364 23 Jul 76 29 0 EDC; Ellesmere Island; Agassiz Ice Cap; Landsat 2 RBV 57Ð01 80¡01'N. 75¡06'W. 2609Ð19144 22 Sep 76 7 10 EDC; Ellesmere Island; Agassiz Ice Cap; Landsat 2 RBV 57Ð02 79¡19'N. 82¡16'W. 11864Ð17364 30 Aug 77 20 10 57Ð03 78¡29'N. 88¡31'W. 20945Ð18262 24 Aug 77 22 0 Southern Axel Heiberg Island 58Ð01 80¡01'N. 76¡32'W. 2550Ð18480 25 Jul 76 28 0 EDC; Ellesmere Island; Agassiz Ice Cap; Landsat 2 RBV; image used for KoernerÕs figure 8 58Ð02 79¡19'N. 83¡42'W. 20550Ð18483 25 Jul 76 30 0 58Ð02 79¡19'N. 83¡42'W. 30123Ð18560 B, C 06 Jul 78 33 10 Landsat 3 RBV 58Ð03 78¡29'N. 89¡57'W. 20154Ð18563 25 Jun 75 35 0 Southern Axel Heiberg Island 58Ð03 78¡29'N. 89¡57'W. 30123Ð18563 A 06 Jul 78 34 20 Landsat 3 RBV 59Ð01 80¡01'N. 77¡58'W. 20551Ð18535 26 Jul 76 28 0 Ellesmere Island; Agassiz Ice Cap 59Ð02 79¡19'N. 85¡08'W. 20551Ð18541 26 Jul 76 30 0 59Ð03 78¡29'N. 91¡23'W. 20947Ð18374 26 Aug 77 22 0 Southern Axel Heiberg Island 60Ð01 80¡01'N. 79¡24'W. 20552Ð18593 27 Jul 76 28 10 Ellesmere Island; Agassiz Ice Cap 60Ð02 79¡19'N. 86¡34'W. 20948Ð18430 27 Aug 77 20 5 Axel Heiberg Island 60Ð03 78¡29'N. 92¡49'W. 20948Ð18432 27 Aug 77 21 0 61Ð01 80¡01'N. 80¡50'W. 2596Ð19434 09 Sep 76 12 20 EDC; Landsat 2 RBV 61Ð01 80¡01'N. 80¡50'W. 30198Ð19134 C 19 Sep 78 10 20 Landsat 3 RBV 61Ð02 79¡19'N. 88¡00'W. 20949Ð18484 28 Aug 77 20 0 Axel Heiberg Island 61Ð03 78¡29'N. 94¡15'W. 20949Ð18490 28 Aug 77 21 0 62Ð01 80¡01'N. 82¡16'W. 2559Ð19390 03 Aug 76 25 5 EDC; Landsat 2 RBV 62Ð02 79¡19'N. 89¡27'W. 20950Ð18542 29 Aug 77 20 0 Axel Heiberg Island; image used for KoernerÕs figure 7 62Ð03 78¡29'N. 95¡42'W. 20950Ð18545 29 Aug 77 21 0 63Ð01 80¡01'N. 83¡42'W. 2196Ð19292 06 Aug 75 25 0 EDC; Ellesmere Island 63Ð02 79¡19'N. 90¡53'W. 2196Ð19295 06 Aug 75 26 10 EDC; Axel Heiberg Island 63Ð03 78¡29'N. 97¡08'W. 30506Ð19243 24 Jul 79 29 0 64Ð01 80¡01'N. 85¡08'W. 1758Ð19320 20 Aug 74 21 0 64Ð02 79¡19'N. 92¡19'W. 20196Ð19295 06 Aug 75 27 10 Axel Heiberg Island 64Ð06 75¡25'N. 112¡32'W. 21654Ð19254 03 Aug 79 30 0 Melville Island 65Ð01 80¡01'N. 86¡35'W. 1759Ð19375 21 Aug 74 21 5 65Ð02 79¡19'N. 93¡45'W. 30508Ð19354 26 Jul 79 27 20 65Ð02 79¡19'N. 93¡45'W. 30202Ð19365 A, B 23 Sep 78 ~9 40Ð69 Landsat 3 RBV 65Ð06 75¡25'N. 113¡58'W. 1723Ð19411 16 Jul 74 36 20 66Ð01 80¡01'N. 88¡01'W. 1760Ð19433 22 Aug 74 21 5 Axel Heiberg Island 66Ð01 80¡01'N. 88¡01'W. 30563Ð19403 C, D 19 Sep 79 10 0 Axel Heiberg Island; Landsat 3 RBV 66Ð02 79¡19'N. 95¡11'W. 11855Ð18292 21 Aug 77 23 10 Meighen and Axel Heiberg Islands 66Ð02 79¡19'N. 95¡11'W. 30563Ð19405 A, B, C, D 19 Sep 79 11Ð12 0Ð10 Axel Heiberg Island; Landsat 3 RBV 66Ð06 75¡25'N. 115¡24'W. 11855Ð18310 21 Aug 77 26 0 Melville Island; image used for KoernerÕs figure 16 66Ð06 75¡25'N. 115¡24'W. 30527Ð19431 A, B 14 Aug 79 29 0 Melville Island; Landsat 3 RBV 67Ð01 80¡01'N. 89¡27'W. 30510Ð19464 28 Jul 79 28 40 67Ð01 80¡01'N. 89¡27'W. 30204Ð19481 C, D 25 Sep 78 8 10Ð20 Landsat 3 RBV 67Ð02 79¡19'N. 96¡37'W. 30510Ð19471 28 Jul 79 27 30 67Ð06 75¡25'N. 116¡50'W. 1725Ð19523 18 Jul 74 35 0 EDC; Melville Island 68Ð01 80¡01'N. 90¡53'W. 11857Ð18401 23 Aug 77 21 0 Axel Heiberg Island 68Ð01 80¡01'N. 90¡53'W. 30187Ð19534 C, D 08 Sep 78 15 0 Axel Heiberg Island; Landsat 3 RBV 68Ð02 79¡19'N. 98¡03'W. 1762Ð19551 24 Aug 74 20 0 EDC; Meighen Island 68Ð02 79¡19'N. 98¡03'W. 30187Ð19534 A, B 08 Sep 78 15 0Ð10 Axel Heiberg Island; Landsat 3 RBV 69Ð01 80¡01'N. 92¡19'W. 11858Ð18455 24 Aug 77 21 0 Meighen and Axel Heiberg Islands; image used for KoernerÕs figures 7 and 9 69Ð01 80¡01'N. 92¡19'W. 30188Ð19593 D 09 Sep 78 14 10 Axel Heiberg Island; Landsat 3 RBV 69Ð02 79¡19'N. 99¡29'W. 1763Ð20005 25 Aug 74 20 0 EDC; Meighen Island 70Ð01 80¡01'N. 93¡45'W. 11859Ð18513 25 Aug 77 21 5 Meighen and Axel Heiberg Islands 71Ð01 80¡01'N. 95¡11'W. 11860Ð18570 26 Aug 77 20 0 Meighen and Axel Heiberg Islands 72Ð01 80¡01'N. 96¡37'W. 11861Ð19024 27 Aug 77 20 0 Meighen and Axel Heiberg Islands 72Ð01 80¡01'N. 96¡37'W. 30191Ð20164 A, B 12 Sep 78 12 0Ð40 Axel Heiberg Island; Landsat 3 RBV 73Ð01 80¡01'N. 98¡03'W. 11862Ð19082 28 Aug 77 20 20 Meighen and Axel Heiberg Islands 74Ð01 80¡01'N. 99¡29'W. 11863Ð19140 29 Aug 77 19 5 FN1: Most of the images in this table were acquired by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS). Those acquired by the U.S. Geological SurveyÕs EROS Data Center (EDC) are indicated by the EDC acronym. Unfortunately, all of the Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) images acquired by both CCRS and EDC are no longer available from either of the two national Landsat image archives. However, all of the Landsat RBV images listed are archived by the U.S. Geological SurveyÕs Glacier Studies Project. Table 3.ÑOptimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS images of the glaciers of the Canadian Rocky Mountains and Interior Ranges [**, The images archived by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) are not identified on the CCRS Website (http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca) by Landsat identification number but can be located by path (track), row (frame), and date. The images archived by the EROS Data Center (EDC) (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov) are no longer located or ordered by the Landsat identification number on the image but by a different entity number that incorporates satellite number, path, row, and date] Path-Row Nominal scene center (lat-long) Landsat identification number Date Solar elevation angle (degrees) Code Cloud cover (percent) Remarks 45Ð25 50¡09'N. 113¡58'W. ** 14 Sep 81 ~38 0 Archived by CCRS 45Ð26 48¡44'N. 114¡36'W. 22427Ð17465 14 Sep 81 39 0 Archived by EDC 46Ð24 51¡34'N. 114¡43'W. 30561Ð17552 17 Sep 79 36 0 Archived by EDC 46Ð25 50¡09'N. 115¡24'W. ** 17 Sep 79 37 0 Archived by CCRS 46Ð26 48¡44'N. 116¡02'W. 30561Ð17561 17 Sep 79 38 0 Archived by EDC 47Ð24 51¡34'N. 116¡09'W. 1741Ð18044 03 Aug 74 49 30 Columbia to Waputik Icefields; archived by EDC 47Ð24 51¡34'N. 116¡09'W. ** 11 Aug 81 ~46 5 Columbia to Waputik Icefields; archived by CCRS 47Ð25 50¡09'N. 116¡50'W. 1741Ð18050 03 Aug 74 50 40 Archived by EDC 47Ð25 50¡09'N. 116¡50'W. ** 11 Aug 81 ~47 0 Archived by CCRS 47Ð26 48¡44'N. 117¡28'W. 22393Ð17584 11 Aug 81 48 5 Archived by EDC 48Ð23 52¡58'N. 116¡52'W. ** 13 Sep 75 ~36 0 Archived by CCRS 48Ð24 51¡34'N. 117¡35'W. ** 13 Sep 75 ~37 0 Columbia to Waputik Icefields; archived by CCRS 48Ð24 51¡34'N. 117¡35'W. 2252Ð18062 01 Oct 75 31 0 Columbia to Waputik Icefields; image used for figure 7; archived by EDC 48Ð25 50¡09'N. 118¡16'W. 2234Ð18070 13 Sep 75 38 0 Archived by EDC 48Ð26 48¡44'N. 118¡54'W. 2234Ð18073 13 Sep 75 39 0 Archived by EDC 49Ð23 52¡58'N. 118¡18'W. 1419Ð18233 15 Sep 73 36 0 Mount Robson area to Clemenceau Icefield; archived by EDC 49Ð24 51¡34'N. 119¡01'W. 1419Ð18235 15 Sep 73 37 0 Archived by EDC 49Ð25 50¡09'N. 119¡42'W. 1419Ð18242 15 Sep 73 39 20 Archived by EDC 49Ð26 48¡44'N. 120¡20'W. 1419Ð18244 15 Sep 73 40 20 Archived by EDC 50Ð22 54¡22'N. 118¡59'W. 1420Ð18285 16 Sep 73 35 0 Mount Sir Alexander; archived by EDC 50Ð23 52¡58'N. 119¡44'W. 1420Ð18291 16 Sep 73 36 0 Mount Robson area; image used for figure 29; archived by EDC 50Ð24 51¡34'N. 120¡27'W. 1420Ð18294 16 Sep73 37 0 Archived by EDC 50Ð25 50¡09'N. 121¡08'W. 1420Ð18300 16 Sep 73 38 0 Archived by EDC 51Ð22 54¡22'N. 120¡26'W. 1385Ð18351 12 Aug 73 46 0 Mount Sir Alexander; archived by EDC 51Ð23 52¡58'N. 121¡11'W. 1385Ð18353 12 Aug 73 47 0 Cariboo Range; archived by EDC 52Ð21 55¡45'N. 121¡04'W. 21696Ð18241 14 Sep 79 34 0 Archived by EDC 52Ð22 54¡22'N. 121¡52'W. ** 14 Sep 79 ~35 0 Archived by CCRS 52Ð22 54¡22'N. 121¡52'W. 2544Ð18223 19 Jul 76 50 0 Archived by EDC 53Ð20 57¡08'N. 121¡39'W. 1783Ð18355 14 Sep 74 33 0 Archived by EDC 53Ð20 57¡08'N. 121¡39'W. ** 17 Aug 81 ~43 0 Archived by CCRS 53Ð21 55¡45'N. 122¡30'W. 1783Ð18361 14 Sep 74 34 40 Archived by EDC 53Ð21 55¡45'N. 122¡30'W. ** 17 Aug 81 ~44 0 Archived by CCRS 53Ð22 54¡22'N. 123¡18'W. 1783Ð18364 14 Sep 74 35 30 Archived by EDC 53Ð22 54¡22'N. 123¡18'W. ** 17 Aug 81 ~45 0 Archived by CCRS 54Ð20 57¡08'N. 123¡05'W. 1082Ð18515 13 Oct 72 23 0 Great Snow Mountain; extensive snow cover; archived by EDC 54Ð20 57¡08'N. 123¡05'W. ** 14 Aug 75 ~44 5 Great Snow Mountain; archived by CCRS 54Ð21 55¡45'N. 123¡56'W. 1082Ð18522 13 Oct 72 24 0 Extensive snow cover; archived by EDC 54Ð21 55¡45'N. 123¡56'W. ** 14 Aug 75 ~45 5 Archived by CCRS 55Ð19 58¡31'N. 123¡37'W. 1767Ð18473 29 Aug 74 37 30 Mount Roosevelt, Churchill Peak; archived by EDC 55Ð19 58¡31'N. 123¡37'W. ** 11 Sep 75 ~32 5 Mount Roosevelt, Churchill Peak; archived by CCRS 55Ð20 57¡08'N. 124¡31'W. 1767Ð18475 29 Aug 74 39 20 Mount Lloyd George, Great Snow Mountain; archived by EDC 55Ð20 57¡08'N. 124¡31'W. ** 11 Sep 75 ~33 0 Mount Lloyd George, Great Snow Mountain; archived by CCRS 55Ð21 55¡45'N. 125¡22'W. 1767Ð18482 29 Aug 74 39 0 Archived by EDC 55Ð21 55¡45'N. 125¡22'W. ** 11 Sep 75 ~34 0 Archived by CCRS 56Ð19 58¡31'N. 125¡03'W. 1750Ð18535 12 Aug 74 43 10 Mount Roosevelt, Mount Lloyd George; image used for figure 33; archived by EDC 56Ð19 58¡31'N. 125¡03'W. ** 12 Sep 75 ~32 5 Mount Roosevelt, Mount Lloyd George; archived by CCRS 56Ð20 57¡08'N. 125¡57'W. 1750Ð18542 12 Aug 74 44 10 Image used for figure 33; archived by EDC 56Ð20 57¡08'N. 125¡57'W. ** 12 Sep 75 ~33 0 Archived by CCRS 57Ð19 58¡31'N. 126¡29'W. 1769Ð18585 31 Aug 74 37 20 Mount Roosevelt; archived by EDC 57Ð19 58¡31'N. 126¡29'W. ** 07 Aug 82 ~44 0 Archived by CCRS 58Ð19 58¡31'N. 127¡55'W. 5865Ð17492 31 Aug 77 30 0 Archived by EDC FN1: The cloud cover and evaluations of images archived by CCRS are based on the CCRS World Wide Web page listing (http://www.ccrs. nrcan.gc.ca). There is no browse image for these scenes, but the cloud cover evaluation has been reliable when compared with images that have been inspected directly. Table 4.ÑOptimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS and RBV images of glaciers of the Coast and St. Elias Mountains of Canada [The images archived by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) are not identified on the CCRS Website (http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca) by Landsat identification number but can be located by path (track), row (frame), and date. The images archived by the EROS Data Center (EDC) (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov) are no longer located or ordered by the Landsat identification number on the image but by a different entity number that incorporates satellite number, path, row, and date] Path-Row Nominal scene center (lat-long) Landsat identification number Date Solar elevation angle (degrees) Code Cloud cover (percent) Remarks 50Ð25 50¡09'N. 121¡08'W. 2596Ð18105 09 Sep 76 39 0 50Ð26 48¡44'N. 121¡46'W. 2596Ð18111 09 Sep 76 40 0 Garibaldi Park area 51Ð24 51¡34'N. 121¡53'W. 1385Ð18360 12 Aug 73 48 0 51Ð25 50¡09'N. 122¡34'W. 1385Ð18362 12 Aug 73 49 0 Pemberton Icefield 52Ð24 51¡34'N. 123¡19'W. 5877Ð17154 12 Sep 77 30 0 52Ð25 50¡09'N. 124¡00'W. 5841Ð17195 07 Aug 77 40 0 Pemberton and Homathko Icefields 52Ð26 48¡44'N. 124¡38'W. 1764Ð18332 26 Aug 74 45 0 Vancouver Island 53Ð23 52¡58'N. 124¡03'W. 1027Ð18472 19 Aug 72 46 0 53Ð24 51¡34'N. 124¡45'W. 1027Ð18475 19 Aug 72 43 0 Klinaklini Glacier, Mount Waddington, Homathko Icefield 53Ð25 50¡09'N. 125¡26'W. 2203Ð18360 13 Aug 75 48 0 54Ð23 52¡58'N. 125¡29'W. 1766Ð18433 28 Aug 74 42 0 54Ð24 51¡34'N. 126¡11'W. 1766Ð18435 28 Aug 74 43 0 Monarch Icefield, Klinaklini Glacier, Mount Waddington 54Ð25 50¡09'N. 126¡52'W. 1766Ð18442 28 Aug 74 44 0 Vancouver Island 55Ð22 54¡22'N. 126¡10'W. 1767Ð18484 29 Aug 74 40 0 55Ð23 52¡58'N. 126¡55'W. 1767Ð18491 29 Aug 74 41 0 55Ð24 51¡34'N. 127¡37'W. 1767Ð18493 29 Aug 74 42 0 56Ð21 55¡45'N. 126¡48'W. 1768Ð18540 30 Aug 74 39 0 56Ð22 54¡22'N. 127¡36'W. 1768Ð18543 30 Aug 74 40 0 56Ð23 52¡58'N. 128¡21'W. 1768Ð18545 30 Aug 74 41 0 57Ð20 57¡08'N. 127¡23'W. 1769Ð18592 31 Aug 74 38 10 57Ð21 55¡45'N. 128¡14'W. 1769Ð18594 31 Aug 74 39 0 Cambria Icefield 57Ð22 54¡22'N. 129¡02'W. 1769Ð19001 31 Aug 74 40 0 57Ð23 52¡58'N. 129¡47'W. 1049Ð19101 10 Sep 72 38 50 58Ð20 57¡08'N. 128¡49'W. 1770Ð19050 01 Sep 74 38 0 58Ð21 55¡45'N. 129¡40'W. 21288Ð18435 02 Aug 78 45 0 Cambria Icefield; image used for Coast Mountains, figure 2 58Ð22 54¡22'N. 130¡28'W. 1788Ð19050 19 Sep 74 33 10 59Ð20 57¡08'N. 130¡15'W. 5848Ð17571 14 Aug 77 36 5 59Ð21 55¡45'N. 131¡06'W. 5848Ð17574 14 Aug 77 36 0 60Ð19 58¡31'N. 130¡47'W. 1772Ð19160 03 Sep 74 36 0 60Ð20 57¡08'N. 131¡41'W. 1722Ð19162 03 Sep 74 37 0 Stikine Icefield; image used for Coast Mountains, figure 3 61Ð19 58¡31'N. 132¡13'W. 5850Ð18080 16 Aug 77 35 25 Juneau Ice Field, Canadian glaciers cloudfree 61Ð20 57¡08'N. 133¡07'W. 2931Ð18571 10 Aug 77 42 15 Stikine Icefield, Canadian glaciers cloudfree 62Ð18 59¡54'N. 132¡41'W. 21670Ð19193 19 Aug 79 39 20 Archived by CCRS 62Ð19 58¡31'N. 133¡39'W. 21670Ð19195 19 Aug 79 40 10 63Ð18 59¡54'N. 134¡07'W. 1775Ð19324 06 Sep 74 34 10 63Ð19 58¡31'N. 135¡05'W. 1775Ð19330 06 Sep 74 35 0 Juneau Ice Field 64Ð18 59¡54'N. 135¡33'W. 30147Ð19373 30 Jul 78 45 0 64Ð18 59¡54'N. 135¡33'W. 1416Ð19473 12 Sep 73 32 0 Band 6 evaluated, Band 7 missing 64Ð19 58¡31'N. 136¡31'W. 30147Ð19375 30 Jul 78 46 0 Glacier Bay 64Ð19 58¡31'N. 136¡31'W. 1416Ð19480 12 Sep 73 33 0 Glacier Bay 65Ð17 61¡16'N. 135¡56'W. 1417Ð19525 13 Sep 73 30 0 65Ð18 59¡54'N. 136¡59'W. 1417Ð19531 13 Sep 73 32 0 Image used for St. Elias Mountains, figures 9 and 12 65Ð19 58¡31'N. 137¡57'W. 1417Ð19534 13 Sep 73 33 0 66Ð17 61¡16'N. 137¡22'W. 21314Ð19293 28 Aug 78 35 0 Archived by CCRS 66Ð18 59¡54'N. 138¡25'W. 21314Ð19295 28 Aug 78 36 0 Image used for St. Elias Mountains, figures 1, 9, and 12 66Ð18 59¡54'N. 138¡25'W. 30167Ð19491 A, C, D 19 Aug 78 39 10 Landsat 3 RBV; subscene A used for St. Elias Mountains, figure 6; archived by USGS Glacier Studies Project 67Ð17 61¡16'N. 138¡48'W. 2955Ð19285 03 Sep 77 32 0 Image used for St. Elias Mountains, figures 2 and 4 67Ð18 59¡54'N. 139¡51'W. 2955Ð19292 03 Sep 77 33 0 Seward Glacier; image used for St. Elias Mountains, figure 2 68Ð17 61¡16'N. 140¡14'W. 2956Ð19343 04 Sep 77 32 0 Image used for St. Elias Mountains, figure 1 68Ð18 59¡54'N. 141¡17'W. 2956Ð19350 04 Sep 77 33 5 Seward Glacier; image used for St. Elias Mountains, figure 1 69Ð17 61¡16'N. 141¡40'W. 21677Ð19593 26 Aug 79 36 5 FN1: The cloud cover and evaluations of images archived by CCRS are based on the CCRS World Wide Web page (http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca) listing. There is no browse image for these scenes, but the cloud cover evaluation has been reliable when compared with images that have been directly inspected.