Melissa A. Haltuch Emily Tichich David W. Garton Gregory W. Kennedy John E. Gannon Scudder D. Mackey Jonathan A. Fuller Dale L. Liebenthal Paul Arthur Berkman 1998 <p>Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) originated in western Russia but have now become widespread in Europe and North America. They are widely known for their conspicuous invasion of rocks and other hard substrates in North American and European watersheds. We have found beds of zebra mussels directly colonizing sand and mud sediments each year across hundreds of square kilometres of North America's Lake Erie. This transformation of sedimentary habitats into mussel beds represents an unforeseen change in the invasive capacity of this species.</p> application/pdf 10.1038/29902 en Nature Publishing Group Zebra mussels invade Lake Erie muds article