<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Ruth M. Duncan</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Scott P. Garrow</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Dan Olson</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Leonard E. Schumann</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Christopher J. Brand</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>1983</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Three outbreaks of botulism type E occurring in waterbirds on Lake Michigan since autumn 1976 are discussed. Natural ingestion of food containing type E toxin by Ring-billed Gulls (&lt;i&gt;Larus delawarensis&lt;/i&gt;) and the presence of type E toxin in blood from moribund gulls were demonstrated. Concurrent presence of type C and type E botulinal toxins was found in a die-off of Common Loons (&lt;i&gt;Gavia immer&lt;/i&gt;). In combination with previous reported outbreaks, these incidents suggest that this disease is geographically widespread in Lake Michigan, and that environmental conditions conducive to type E botulinal toxin production and consumption occur in both summer and autumn.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Wilson Ornithological Society</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Waterbird mortality from botulism type E in Lake Michigan: An update</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>