<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>I.J. Ball</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Dennis L Orthmeyer</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>1990</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;We estimated duckling survival in broods of 31 radio-marked female mallards (&lt;i&gt;Anas platyrhynchos&lt;/i&gt;) on Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in northcentral Montana in 1985 and 1986. Overall survival for the 60-day prefledging period was 0.3951, and 87% of all duckling losses occurred within the first 18 days. Survival through the Class I interval (0.4664) was lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than through Class II (0.8887) and Class III (0.9531). Total brood loss occurred among 37% of the females and accounted for 60% of all duckling losses. Broods that survived to fledging averaged 5.0 ducklings. The 60-day survival probability (0.4417) of ducklings in broods that hatched early (on or before 10 Jun) was higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than survival of late broods (0.3324). Apparent brood size did not differ (P &amp;gt; 0.05) between marked and unmarked adult females.&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.2307/3808901</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Wiley</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Survival of Mallard broods in Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge in north central Montana</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>