<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:creator>Jon E. Keeley</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>1998</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Cladistic analysis supports the conclusion that the Orcuttieae tribe of C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;grasses reflect evolution from a terrestrial ancestry into seasonal pools. All nine species in the tribe exhibit adaptations to the aquatic environment, evident in the structural characteristics of the juvenile foliage, which persist submerged for 1–3 months prior to metamorphosis to the terrestrial foliage. Aquatic leaves of the least derived or basal genus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Neostapfia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;have few morphological and anatomical characteristics specialized to the aquatic environment and have retained full expression of the C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;pathway, including Kranz anatomy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Orcuttia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;species have many derived characteristics and are more specialized to the aquatic environment. These latter species germinate earlier in the season and persist in the submerged stage longer than&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Neostapfia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and evidence from the literature indicates length of submergence is positively correlated with fitness components. Aquatic leaves of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Orcuttia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;species lack Kranz or PCR bundle sheath anatomy, yet&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;C-pulse chase studies indicate &amp;gt;95% malate + aspartate as the initial products of photosynthesis and these products turn over rapidly to phosphorylated sugars, indicating a tight coupling of the C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;and C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;cycles. Presence of the C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;pathway is further supported by enzymological data. Contemporary dogma that Kranz anatomy is a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;sine qua non&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;for operation of the C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;pathway is contradicted by the patterns in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Orcuttia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;; however, it is unknown whether the pathway acts as a CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;concentrating mechanism in these aquatic plants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1007/s004420050566</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Springer Nature</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>C4 photosynthetic modifications in the evolutionary transition from land to water in aquatic grasses</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>