<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>C. J. Fotheringham</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Jon E. Keeley</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>1998</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;  Smoke-stimulated germination in the post-fire flora of California chaparral does not appear to be triggered by nitrate. Application of freshly prepared unbuffered KNO&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;3&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;solutions (pH&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;c.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;6.2) failed to enhance germination of five populations of&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Emmenanthe penduliflora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;or one&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Phacelia grandiflora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;population, regardless of light or stratification conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;  KNO&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;3&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;buffered at acidic pH (or unbuffered solutions equilibrated with atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;2&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;) did induce germination, but KNO&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;3&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;solutions at pH 7 failed to induce germination. Induction of germination is therefore not due to the nitrate ion&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;per se&lt;/i&gt;, but rather to high [H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;], although buffered controls gave weak germination at low pH, suggesting a role for H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;plus nitrate. However, other anions such as sulphate were equally as effective as nitrate at breaking dormancy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3  &lt;/strong&gt;The germination response to KNO&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;3&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;was affected by the type of filter paper used and this may be linked to differences in pH.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4  &lt;/strong&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;2&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;, at concentrations present in biomass smoke, was highly effective at inducing germination, and other oxidizing agents also induced germination.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5  &lt;/strong&gt;Several growth regulators, including nitrite and gibberellin, were stimulatory only at acidic pH, but KCN was stimulatory across a broad pH range.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6  &lt;/strong&gt;Germination decreased at smoke exposures longer than a few minutes. Also, smoked water samples effective at breaking dormancy were acidic and were less effective when buffered to pH &amp;gt;7.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7&lt;/strong&gt;  Physical scarification of the seed coat induced germination but the effect was not due to penetration of a water barrier, or to enhanced oxygen uptake or to wound responses such as CO&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;2&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;or ethylene production.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;8  &lt;/strong&gt;Different effects of the gibberellin inhibitor CCC (chlorocholine chloride) suggested that the mechanisms of scarification-induced and smoke-induced germination may differ.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;9  &lt;/strong&gt;We conclude that either oxidizing gases in smoke and/or acids generated on burnt sites play a role in germination of post-fire annuals in chaparral.&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00230.x</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>British Ecological Society</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Mechanism of smoke-induced seed germination in a post-fire chaparral annual</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>