<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>R.D. Calfee</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>D. L. Fabacher</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>C. Carey</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>V. S. Blazer</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>E.M. Middleton</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>E. E. Little</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2003</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading"&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Exposure to harmful levels of ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB), a component of solar radiation, has been suggested as a potential cause of amphibian declines.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading"&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;We measured solar radiation (UVB, ultraviolet-A, and visible) wavebands in breeding ponds of&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bufo boreas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(boreal toad, a montane species that has undergone severe population declines) and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bufo woodhousii&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(Woodhouse’s toad, a plains toad that has not experienced declines) and examined tolerances of these species to simulated solar UVB exposures in the laboratory.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading"&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;We found larvae of both species to be tolerant of simulated solar UVB in excess of solar UVB levels observed in their breeding ponds.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;B. boreas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;tadpoles were more tolerant of simulated solar UVB exposure than&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;B. woodhousii&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;tadpoles, possibly because of greater amounts of photoprotective melanin in&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;B. boreas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;skin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading"&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;UVB levels observed in&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;B. boreas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;habitats do not currently appear to constitute a threat to the survival of these animals; however, long-term (&amp;gt;1 month) exposure to UVB levels comparable to levels associated with the water interface appears to reduce survival in&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;B. woodhousii&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;tadpoles. Therefore, future increases in surface and water column UVB radiation in bufonid habitats might pose significant survival risks to&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;B. boreas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;or&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;B. woodhousii&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;populations.&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1065/espr2002.06.123</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Springer</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Effects of ultraviolet radiation on toad early life stages</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>