C.A. Schuler W. James Fleming 1988 <p><span>Young Japanese quail (</span><i>Coturnix japonica</i><span>) were administered NaF for 16 d either in their diet or by esophageal intubation. Based on the total fluoride ion (Σmg F</span>⁻<span>) intake over the 16-d experimental period, fluoride administered by intubation was at least six times more toxic than that fed in the diet. Dietary concentrations of 1,000 ppm F</span>⁻<span>&nbsp;(Σmg F</span>⁻<span>&nbsp;for 16 d = approx. 144) produced no mortality, whereas intubated doses produced 73% or greater mortality in all groups administered 54 mg F</span>⁻<span>/kg/d or more (Σmg F</span>⁻<span>&nbsp;for 16 d ≥ approx. 23 mg). Graphic comparison of the regression of log F</span>⁻<span>&nbsp;ppm in femurs/mg F</span>⁻<span>&nbsp;intake showed that fluoride levels in the femurs of quail administered fluoride by intubation were higher than in those administered fluoride in the diet.</span></p> application/pdf 10.1002/etc.5620071006 en Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Influence of the method of fluoride administration on toxicity and fluoride concentrations in Japanese quail article