<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:creator>J. W. Portnoy</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>1990</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The relationship between water chemistry and breeding success of spotted salamanders&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ambystoma maculatum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Shaw) was examined in temporary woodland ponds on outer Cape Cod, Massachusetts in 1985 and 1986. Most pond waters were dilute (3median coductivity = 57 umhos cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1 umhos cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0·1 mSm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;)), acidic (median pH = 4·82), and highly colored (median = 140 Pt-Co units). Most acidity was due to abundant organic acids. Salamander survival to hatching was over 80% at 8 of 12 ponds monitored. Complete mortality, preceded by gross abnormalities, was observed only among embryos in the most acidic spawning pond (pH 4·3−4·5) in both years. Embryo transfers between ponds and laboratory studies indicated that reduced survival was due to the interaction of low pH with high tannin-lignin concentration. The use of amphibian embryonic survival to indicate acid rain effects is complicated by multiple habitat parameters and should only be attempted in conjunction with long-term population monitoring.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1016/0006-3207(90)90063-U</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Elsevier</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Breeding biology of the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw) in acidic temporary ponds at Cape Cod, USA</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>