<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>D. J. Hoffman</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>D.M. Buscemi</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>M. J. Melancon</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>P.H. Albers</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2003</dc:date>
  <dc:description>Golden Bear Oil (GB-111 I; legal trade name for GB-1313) is a petroleum distillate that is used in the United States and other countries as a larvicide for mosquito suppression.  As part of a multi-species evaluation of the potential effects of GB-1111 on birds, red-winged blackbird eggs were collected, artificially incubated, and treated with one of five amounts of GB-1111 varying from 0 to 10 times the expected exposure from a spray application of the maximum recommended amount (X=47 l/ha, 5 gal/ac).  The application of 10 X caused a significant reduction in hatching success.  A dose-related reduction of hepatic microsomal mono-oxygenase activity (EROD) was detected.  Among body weights, skeletal measurements, and age at death, only crownrump length was different among experimental groups.  Overall, the potential hazard to embryos of a representative wetland passerine appears minimal until the application rate exceeds 3 X.</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:title>Effects of the mosquito larvicide GB-1111 on red-winged blackbird embryos</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>