D. J. Hoffman N.B. Vyas J. W. Spann Wayne J. Kuenzel D.M. Buscemi 2007 <p><span>Effects of field application levels of wildfire control chemicals, Phos-Chek</span>^®<span> G75-F (PC) and Silv-Ex</span>^®<span> (SE), were examined on red-winged blackbird (</span><i>Agelaius phoeniceus</i><span>) embryos. Embryos were more sensitive to PC and SE when eggs were immersed for 10&nbsp;s at an early developmental stage (days 3–5 of incubation) than at a later stage (days 6–9 of incubation). The LC</span>₅₀<span> (concentration causing 50% mortality) for early stage embryos exposed to PC was 213.3&nbsp;g/L (slope&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]&nbsp;=&nbsp;129.1–326.1). The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) was below 135&nbsp;g PC/L, which caused a significant increase in embryonic mortality and represents the lowest field coverage level of 1&nbsp;gal/100&nbsp;feet</span>²<span>. The LC</span>₅₀<span> for early stage embryos exposed to SE was 19.8&nbsp;g/L (slope&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.5; 95% CI&nbsp;=&nbsp;11.7–52.2). Significant mortality was observed at 10&nbsp;g SE/L and marginal at 7.5&nbsp;g SE/L with an apparent NOEC around 5&nbsp;g SE/L. Neither chemical resulted in apparent developmental malformations.</span></p> application/pdf 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.10.015 en Elsevier Effects of Phos-Chek® G75-F and Silv-Ex® on red-winged blackbird (<i>Agelaius phoeniceus</i>) embryos article