Katherine E. Horak Sarah E. Warner John J. Johnston Barnett A. Rattner 2010 <p><span>The&nbsp;anticoagulant&nbsp;rodenticide&nbsp;diphacinone was slightly toxic (acute oral LD</span>₅₀<span>&nbsp;2014</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>mg/kg) to Northern bobwhite (</span><i>Colinus virginianus</i><span>) in a 14-day acute toxicity trial. Precise and sensitive assays of blood&nbsp;clotting&nbsp;(prothrombin time, Russell’s Viper venom time, and thrombin clotting time) were adapted for use in quail, and this combination of assays is recommended to measure the effects of anticoagulant rodenticides. A single oral sublethal dose of diphacinone (434</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>mg/kg body weight) prolonged clotting time at 48</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>h post-dose compared to controls. At 783</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>mg/kg (approximate LD</span>₀₂<span>), clotting time was prolonged at both 24 and 48</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>h post-dose.&nbsp;Prolongation&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span><i>in vitro</i><span>&nbsp;clotting time reflects impaired&nbsp;coagulation&nbsp;complex activity, and was detected before overt signs of toxicity were apparent at the greatest dosages (2868 and 3666</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>mg/kg) in the acute toxicity trial. These clotting time assays and toxicity data will assist in the development of a pharmacodynamic model to predict toxicity, and also facilitate rodenticide&nbsp;hazard and risk assessments&nbsp;in avian species.</span></p> application/pdf 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.05.021 en Elsevier Acute toxicity of diphacinone in Northern bobwhite: Effects on survival and blood clotting article