<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Thomas J. Smith III</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Jennifer Possley</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Timothy M. Collins</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>David Lee</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Sandra Namoff</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>James W. Fourqurean</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2010</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Two species of mangrove trees of Indo-Pacific origin have naturalized in tropical Atlantic mangrove forests in South Florida after they were planted and nurtured in botanic gardens. Two&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;Bruguiera gymnorrhiza&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;trees that were planted in the intertidal zone in 1940 have given rise to a population of at least 86 trees growing interspersed with native mangrove species&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;Rhizophora mangle&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;Avicennia germinans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;Laguncularia racemosa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;along 100&amp;nbsp;m of shoreline; the population is expanding at a rate of 5.6% year&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Molecular genetic analyses confirm very low genetic diversity, as expected from a population founded by two individuals. The maximum number of alleles at any locus was three, and we measured reduced heterozygosity compared to native-range populations.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;Lumnitzera racemosa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;was introduced multiple times during the 1960s and 1970s, it has spread rapidly into a forest composed of native&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;R. mangle&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;A. germinans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;Laguncularia racemosa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;Conocarpus erectus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and now occupies 60,500&amp;nbsp;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;of mangrove forest with stem densities of 24,735&amp;nbsp;ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;. We estimate the population growth rate of&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;Lumnitzera racemosa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;to be between 17 and 23%&amp;nbsp;year&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Populations of both species of naturalized mangroves are dominated by young individuals. Given the long life and water-dispersed nature of propagules of the two exotic species, it is likely that they have spread beyond our survey area. We argue that the species-depauperate nature of tropical Atlantic mangrove forests and close taxonomic relatives in the more species-rich Indo-Pacific region result in the susceptibility of tropical Atlantic mangrove forests to invasion by Indo-Pacific mangrove species.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1007/s10530-009-9660-8</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Springer</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Are mangroves in the tropical Atlantic ripe for invasion? Exotic mangrove trees in the forests of South Florida</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>