D. Kersey I. Karcz 1980 To test erosion and development of bed sculpture in unstable, pulsating shallow flow, 3 series of experiments were performed in a 10-m flume with flows of Reynolds Number up to 103, Froude Number up to 3.0, and slope up to 2%. In the first, the bed was rigid, in the second and third series planar beds were made from well-sorted and poorly sorted sand, respectively. Development of flow surface instability above the rigid bed showed the following stages: smooth surface; small wavelets; well-developed waves; and rough flow. The second series showed the following sequence: smooth bed; flow-aligned ridge and trough pattern; combined ridge and rhomboid pattern; and rhomboid configuration. The third series demonstrated transverse segregation of the bed material across the ridges.- from Authors application/pdf 10.1016/0037-0738(80)90016-0 en Experimental study of free-surface flow instability and bedforms in shallow flows. article