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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>S.W. Robinson</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>LeRoy M. Law</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>W.W. Carothers</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Y.K. Kharaka</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>1984</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;Big Soda Lake, located near Fallon, Nevada, occupies an explosion crater rimmed by basaltic debris; volcanic activity apparently ceased within the last 10,000 years. This lake has been selected for a detailed multidisciplinary study that will ultimately cover the organic and inorganic hydrogeochemistry of water and sediments because the time at which chemical stratification was initiated is known (~1920) and chemical analyses are available for a period of more than 100 years.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Detailed chemical analyses of the waters show that the lake is at present alkaline (&lt;span class="math"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" class="MathJax_SVG" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;pH = 9.7&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;pH = 9.7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), chemically stratified (meromictic) and is extremely anoxic (total reduced sulfur—410 mg/L as H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S) below a depth of about 35 m. The average concentrations (in mg/L) of Na, K, Mg, Ca, NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S, alkalinity (as HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;), Cl, SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, and dissolved organics (as C) in waters of the upper layer (depth 0 to 32 m) are 8,100, 320, 150, 5.0,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="math"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" class="MathJax_SVG" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;lt; 0.1&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;&amp;lt; 0.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="math"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" class="MathJax_SVG" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;lt; 0.5&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;&amp;lt; 0.5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, 4,100, 7,100, 5,800, and 20 respectively; in the deeper layer (depth 37 to 64 m) they are 27,000, 1,200, 5.6, 0.8, 45, 410, 24,000, 27,500, 6,800, and 60, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chemical and stable isotope analyses of the waters,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="math"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" class="MathJax_SVG" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B4;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;C&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;δ13C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="math"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-5-Frame" class="MathJax_SVG" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#x394;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;14&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;C&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;Δ14C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;values of dissolved total carbonate from this lake and surface and ground waters in the area together with mineral-water equilibrium computations indicate that the waters in the lake are primarily meteoric in origin with the present chemical composition resulting from the following geochemical processes:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul class="list"&gt;&lt;li class="react-xocs-list-item"&gt;&lt;span class="list-label"&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;(1) evaporation and exchange with atmosphere, the dominant processes,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="react-xocs-list-item"&gt;&lt;span class="list-label"&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;(2) mineral-water interactions, including dissolution, precipitation and ion exchange,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="react-xocs-list-item"&gt;&lt;span class="list-label"&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;(3) inflow and outflow of ground water and&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="react-xocs-list-item"&gt;&lt;span class="list-label"&gt;4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;(4) biological activity of macro- and microorganisms, including sulfate reduction in the water column of the deeper layer at a very high rate of 6.6 μmol L&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;day&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1016/0016-7037(84)90104-2</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Elsevier</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Hydrogeochemistry of Big Soda Lake, Nevada: An alkaline meromictic desert lake</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>