<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>I. Barnes</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>William C. Evans</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>J.E. Lupton</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>J.O. Stone</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>A.R. Chivas</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>1987</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;div id="Abs1-section" class="c-article-section"&gt;&lt;div id="Abs1-content" class="c-article-section__content"&gt;&lt;p&gt;Natural liquid carbon dioxide is produced commercially from a 2.5-km-deep well near the 4,500-yr-old maar volcano, Mount Gambier, South Australia. The carbon dioxide has accumulated in a dome that is located on the extension of a linear chain of volcanic activity. A magmatic origin for the fluid is suggested by the geological setting, δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;PDB&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;of –4.0‰, for the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(where PDB represents the carbon-isotope standard), and a relatively high&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;He component of the contained helium and high&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;He/C ratio (6.4 x 10&lt;sup&gt;−10&lt;/sup&gt;). The&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;He/&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;He and He/Ne ratios are 3.0 and &amp;gt; 1,370 times those of air, respectively. The CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, as collected at the Earth's surface at 29.5 °C and 75 bar, expands more than 300-fold to form a gas at 1 atm and 22 °C. We suggest that liquid CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;or high-density CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;fluid (the critical point is 31.1 °C, 73.9 bar) of volcanic origin that expands explosively from shallow levels in the Earth's crust may be a major contributor to 'phreatic' volcanic eruptions and maar formation. Less violent release of magmatic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;into crater lakes may cause gas bursts with equally disastrous consequences such as occurred at Lake Nyos, Cameroon, in August 1986.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1038/326587a0</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Nature Publishing Group </dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Liquid carbon dioxide of magmatic origin and its role in volcanic eruptions</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>