R. D. Jackson L.H. Raymond L. W. Gay P.N. Slater M. S. Moran 1989 <p><span>Surface energy balance components were evaluated by combining satellite-based spectral data with on-site measurements of solar irradiance, air temperature, wind speed, and vapor pressure. Maps of latent heat flux density (λE) and net radiant flux density (R</span>_n<span>) were produced using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data for three dates: 23 July 1985, 5 April 1986, and 24 June 1986. On each date, a Bowen-ratio apparatus, located in a vegetated field, was used to measure λE and R</span>_n<span>&nbsp;at a point within the field. Estimates of λE and R</span>_n<span>&nbsp;were also obtained using radiometers aboard an aircraft flown at 150 m above ground level. The TM-based estimates differed from the Bowen-ratio and aircraft-based estimates by less than 12 % over mature fields of cotton, wheat, and alfalfa, where λE and R</span>_n<span>&nbsp;ranged from 400 to 700 Wm</span>⁻²<span>.</span></p> application/pdf 10.1016/0034-4257(89)90049-7 en Elsevier Mapping surface energy balance components by combining landsat thematic mapper and ground-based meteorological data article