I.J. Winograd J.M. Landwehr A.C. Riggs T.B. Coplen 1994 <p><span>The record of carbon-13 (δ</span>¹³<span>C) variations in DH-11 vein calcite core from Devils Hole, Nevada, shows four prominent minima near glacial terminations (glacial-interglacial transitions) V to II. The δ</span>¹³<span>C time series is inversely correlated with the DH-11 oxygen isotope ratio time series and leads it by as much as 7000 years. The δ</span>¹³<span>C variations likely record fluctuations in the δ</span>¹³<span>C of dissolved inorganic carbon of water recharging the aquifer. How such variations are transported 80 kilometers to Devils Hole without obliteration by water-rock reaction remains an enigma. The record may reflect (i) global variations in the δ</span>¹³<span>C of atmospheric CO</span>₂<span>&nbsp;and, hence, the δ</span>¹³<span>C of continental biomass or (ii) variations in extent and density of vegetation in the southern Great Basin. In the latter case, δ</span>¹³<span>C minima at 414, 334, 246, and 133 thousand years ago mark times of maximum vegetation.</span></p> application/pdf 10.1126/science.263.5145.361 en American Association for the Advancement of Science 500,000-year stable carbon isotopic record from Devils Hole, Nevada article