E. E. Little C.F. Rabeni Mark R. Ellersieck A. Zaga 1998 <p><span>Aican clawed frog (</span><i>Xenopus laevis</i><span>) and gray tree frog (</span><i>Hyla versicolor</i><span>) embryos and tadpoles were exposed to sublethal levels of carbaryl, a broad-spectrum insecticide, and ultraviolet radiation to determine interactive and sublethal effects. Ultraviolet intensity (UV-B [285–320 nm] plus UV-A [321–400 nm]) was controlled with various types of plastic filters and quantified with a scanning spectroradiometer. Significant differences in swimming activity and mortality of both species were evident during the 96-h experiments. Ultraviolet-B radiation alone and carbaryl in the presence of UV-B significantly decreased swimming activity of both species. As little as 1.5% intensity of ambient solar UV-B radiation photoactivated carbaryl. Toxicity of 7.5 mg/L carbaryl increased by 10-fold in the presence of UV-B in all species and life stages tested. Our results indicate that photoenhancement by solar UV-B radiation should be considered when evaluating the toxicity of contaminants to amphibians and other organisms.</span></p> application/pdf 10.1002/etc.5620171223 en Wiley Photoenhanced toxicity of a carbamate insecticide to early life stage anuran amphibians article