D. A. Granfors P.J. Pietz 2000 <p><span>White-tailed deer (</span><i>Odocoileus virginianus</i><span>) were videotaped depredating four songbird nests in grassland habitats in southeastern and northcentral North Dakota, 1996–1999. Deer ate two Savannah sparrow (</span><i>Passerculus sandwichensis</i><span>), two grasshopper sparrow (</span><i>Ammodramus savannarum</i><span>), one clay-colored sparrow (</span><i>Spizella pallida</i><span>), one red-winged blackbird (</span><i>Agelaius phoeniceus</i><span>) and three brown-headed cowbird (</span><i>Molothrus ater</i><span>) nestlings. Deer removed nestlings quickly (5–19 sec/nest) at night (22:00 to 05:17 Central Daylight Time) and left no evidence of predation. Although probably opportunistic, deer predations clearly were deliberate and likely are more common than generally believed.</span></p> application/pdf 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0419:WTDOVP]2.0.CO;2 en University of Notre Dame White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) predation on grassland songbird nestlings article