<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>E. E. Little</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>R.D. Calfee</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2003</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading"&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Each year millions of liters of fire-retardant chemicals are applied to wildfires across the nation. Recent laboratory studies with long-term fire-retardant chemicals indicate a significant photoenhanced toxicity of products containing sodium ferrocyanide corrosion inhibitors. Our objective of this study was to determine the toxicity of fire-retardant chemicals to fathead minnows during exposure in experimental outdoor streams.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading"&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Stream tests were conducted to determine the potential toxicity of a pulse of exposure as might occur when fire retardant chemical is rinsed from the watershed by rainfall. Two artificial 55-meter experimental streams were dosed with different concentrations of Fire-Trol® GTS-R, or uncontaminated for a control. Replicate groups of fathead minnows were added to screened containers (10 fish per container) and exposed to retardant chemicals in the recirculating flow of the stream for up to 6 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading"&gt;Results and Discussion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Under field conditions toxicity of GTS-R only occurred in the presence of sunlight. When GTS-R was tested on sunny days, 100% mortality occurred. However, when tested during heavily overcast conditions, no mortality occurred.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading"&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lethal concentrations of cyanide were measured when GTS-R with YPS exposures were conducted under sunny conditions, but not under cloudy conditions, indicating that a minimum UV level is necessary to induce toxicity as well as the release of cyanide from YPS. The toxicity observed with GTS-R was likely associated with lethal concentrations of cyanide. Rainwater runoff following applications of this fire-retardant at the recommended rate could result in lethal concentrations in small ponds and streams receiving limited water flow under sunny conditions.&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1065/espr2003.03.148</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Springer</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Effects of a fire-retardant chemical to fathead minnows in experimental streams</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>