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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Deborah Bergfeld</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Carlo Cardellini</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Giovanni Chiodini</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Domenico Granieri</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Nick Varley</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Cynthia A. Werner</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Jennifer L. Lewicki</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2005</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;We present a comparative study of soil CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; flux (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="IEq1" class="InlineEquation"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;F&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-1" class="math"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-2" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-3" class="msubsup"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-4" class="mi"&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-5" class="texatom"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-6" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-7" class="msubsup"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-8" class="texatom"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-9" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-10" class="mi"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-11" class="mi"&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-12" class="mn"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) measured by five groups (Groups 1–5) at the IAVCEI-CCVG Eighth Workshop on Volcanic Gases on Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. Groups 1–5 measured &lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-4" class="mi"&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-5" class="texatom"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-6" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-7" class="msubsup"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-8" class="texatom"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-9" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-10" class="mi"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-11" class="mi"&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-12" class="mn"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;using the accumulation chamber method at 5-m spacing within a 900&amp;nbsp;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt; grid during a morning (AM) period. These measurements were repeated by Groups 1–3 during an afternoon (PM) period. Measured &lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-4" class="mi"&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-5" class="texatom"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-6" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-7" class="msubsup"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-8" class="texatom"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-9" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-10" class="mi"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-11" class="mi"&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-12" class="mn"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;ranged from 218 to 14,719&amp;nbsp;g&amp;nbsp;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;day&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;. The variability of the five measurements made at each grid point ranged from ±5 to 167%. However, the arithmetic means of fluxes measured over the entire grid and associated total CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; emission rate estimates varied between groups by only ±22%. All three groups that made PM measurements reported an 8–19% increase in total emissions over the AM results. Based on a comparison of measurements made during AM and PM times, we argue that this change is due in large part to natural temporal variability of gas flow, rather than to measurement error. In order to estimate the mean and associated CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; emission rate of one data set and to map the spatial &lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-4" class="mi"&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-5" class="texatom"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-6" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-7" class="msubsup"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-8" class="texatom"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-9" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-10" class="mi"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-11" class="mi"&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-12" class="mn"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;distribution, we compared six geostatistical methods: arithmetic and minimum variance unbiased estimator means of uninterpolated data, and arithmetic means of data interpolated by the multiquadric radial basis function, ordinary kriging, multi-Gaussian kriging, and sequential Gaussian simulation methods. While the total CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; emission rates estimated using the different techniques only varied by ±4.4%, the &lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-4" class="mi"&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-5" class="texatom"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-6" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-7" class="msubsup"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-8" class="texatom"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-9" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-10" class="mi"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-11" class="mi"&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-12" class="mn"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;maps showed important differences. We suggest that the sequential Gaussian simulation method yields the most realistic representation of the spatial distribution of &lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-4" class="mi"&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-5" class="texatom"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-6" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-7" class="msubsup"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-8" class="texatom"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-9" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-10" class="mi"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-11" class="mi"&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-12" class="mn"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, but a variety of geostatistical methods are appropriate to estimate the total CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; emission rate from a study area, which is a primary goal in volcano monitoring research.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1007/s00445-005-0423-9</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Springer</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Comparative soil CO2 flux measurements and geostatistical estimation methods on Masaya volcano, Nicaragua</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>