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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>B. Mayer</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>M.J. Mitchell</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Robert L. Michel</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>S.W. Bailey</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Carol Kendall</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>James B. Shanley</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2005</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p class="Para"&gt;The biogeochemical cycling of sulfur (S) was studied during the 2000 snowmelt at Sleepers River Research Watershed in northeastern Vermont, USA using a hydrochemical and multi-isotope approach. The snowpack and 10 streams of varying size and land use were sampled for analysis of anions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC),&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;35&lt;/sup&gt;S activity, and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;S and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O values of sulfate. At one of the streams,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O values of water also were measured. Apportionment of sulfur derived from atmospheric and mineral sources based on their distinct&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;S values was possible for 7 of the 10 streams. Although mineral S generally dominated, atmospheric-derived S contributions exceeded 50% in several of the streams at peak snowmelt and averaged 41% overall. However, most of this atmospheric sulfur was not from the melting snowpack; the direct contribution of atmospheric sulfate to streamwater sulfate was constrained by&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;35&lt;/sup&gt;S mass balance to a maximum of 7%. Rather, the main source of atmospheric sulfur in streamwater was atmospheric sulfate deposited months to years earlier that had microbially cycled through the soil organic sulfur pool. This atmospheric/pedospheric sulfate (pedogenic sulfate formed from atmospheric sulfate) source is revealed by&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i class="EmphasisTypeItalic "&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O values of streamwater sulfate that remained constant and significantly lower than those of atmospheric sulfate throughout the melt period, as well as streamwater&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;35&lt;/sup&gt;S ages of hundreds of days. Our results indicate that the response of streamwater sulfate to changes in atmospheric deposition will be mediated by sulfate retention in the soil.&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1007/s10533-005-2856-9</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Springer</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Tracing sources of streamwater sulfate during snowmelt using S and O isotope ratios of sulfate and 35S activity</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>