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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>M.B. Nevers</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>M.N. Byappanahalli</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>R.L. Whitman</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2006</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Recent research has highlighted the occurrence of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;in natural habitats not directly influenced by sewage inputs. Most studies on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;in recreational water typically focus on discernible sources (e.g., effluent discharge and runoff) and fall short of integrating riparian, nearshore, onshore, and outfall sources. An integrated &amp;ldquo;beachshed&amp;rdquo; approach that links&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;inputs and interactions would be helpful to understand the difference between background loading and sewage pollution; to develop more accurate predictive models; and to understand the differences between potential, net, and apparent culturable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;. The objective of this study was to examine the interrelatedness of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;occurrence from various coastal watershed components along southern Lake Michigan. The study shows that once established in forest soil,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;can persist throughout the year, potentially acting as a continuous non-point source of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;to nearby streams. Year-round background stream loading of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;can influence beach water quality.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;is present in highly variable counts in beach sand to depths just below the water table and to distances at least 5 m inland from the shore, providing a large potential area of input to beach water. In summary,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;in the fluvial-lacustrine system may be stored in forest soils, sediments surrounding springs, bank seeps, stream margins and pools, foreshore sand, and surface groundwater. While rainfall events may increase&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;counts in the foreshore sand and lake water, concentrations quickly decline to prerain concentrations. Onshore winds cause an increase in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;in shallow nearshore water, likely resulting from resuspension of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;-laden beach sand. When examining indicator bacteria source, flux, and context, the entire &amp;ldquo;beachshed&amp;rdquo; as a dynamic interacting system should be considered.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1128/AEM.00454-06</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>American Society for Microbiology</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Examination of the watershed-wide distribution of Escherichia coli along southern Lake Michigan: An integrated approach</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>