D. Pirie
K. Horton
H. Garbeil
E. Pilger
H. Ramm
R. Hoblitt
C. Thornber
M. Ripepe
E. Marchetti
P. Poggi
A. Harris
2005
<p>During 1999 we designed and tested a thermal<span> </span><a title="Learn more about Monitoring System from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/monitoring-system" data-mce-href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/monitoring-system">monitoring system</a><span> to provide a cheap, robust, modular, real-time system capable of surviving the hostile conditions encountered proximal to active volcanic vents. In November 2000 the first system was deployed at Pu'u 'O'o (Kilauea, Hawai'i) to target persistently active vents. Aside from some minor problems, such as sensor damage due to tampering, this system remained operational until January 2004. The success of the prototype system led us to use the blueprint for a second installation at Stromboli (Aeolian Islands, Italy). This was deployed, dug into a bomb-proof bunker, during May 2002 and survived the April 2003 paroxysmal eruption despite being located just 250 m from the vent. In both cases, careful waterproofing of connectors and selection of suitable protection has prevented <a title="Learn more about Water Damage from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/water-damage" data-mce-href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/water-damage">water damage</a> and corrosion in the harsh atmosphere encountered at the crater rim.</span></p><p><span>The Pu'u 'O'o system cost ∼US$10,000 and comprises four modules: sensors, transmission and power hub, <a title="Learn more about Repeater from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/repeater" data-mce-href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/repeater">repeater</a> station and reception site. The sensor component consists of three thermal infrared thermometers housed in Pelican™ cases fitted with Germanium–Arsenide–Selenium windows. Two 1° <a title="Learn more about Field of View from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/field-of-view" data-mce-href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/field-of-view">field of view</a>(FOV) sensors allow specific vents to be targeted and a 60° FOV sensor provides a crater floor overview. A hard wire connection links to a Pelican™-case-housed <a title="Learn more about Microprocessor from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/microprocessor" data-mce-href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/microprocessor">microprocessor</a>, modem and power module. From here data are transmitted, via a repeater site, to a dedicated PC at the Hawaiian Volcano </span><a title="Learn more about Observatory from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/observatory" data-mce-href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/observatory">Observatory</a>. Here data are displayed with a delay of ∼3 s between acquisition and display. The modular design allows for great flexibility. At Stromboli, 1° and 15° FOV sensor modules can be switched depending changes in activity style and crater geometry. In addition a direct line of site to the Stromboli reception center negates the repeater site requirement, reducing the cost to US$5500 for a single sensor system.</p><p><span>We have also constructed self-contained units with internal data loggers for US$1500/unit. These have been tested at Kilauea, Stromboli, Etna, Masaya, Santiaguito, Fuego, Pacaya, Poas, Soufriere Hills, Villarrica and Erta Ale. These instruments have proved capable of detecting thermal signals associated with: (1) gas emission; (2) gas jetting events; (3) crater floor collapse; (4) lava effusion; (5) <a title="Learn more about Lava Flow from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/lava-flow" data-mce-href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/lava-flow">lava flow</a> in tubes; (6) lava lake activity; (7) </span><a title="Learn more about Lava Dome from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/lava-dome" data-mce-href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/lava-dome">lava dome</a><span> </span>activity; and (8) crater lake skin temperature.</p>
application/pdf
10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.12.007
en
DUCKS: Low cost thermal monitoring units for near-vent deployment
article