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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>R.L. Whitman</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>D.A. Shively</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>J. Ferguson</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>S. Ishii</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>M.J. Sadowsky</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>M.N. Byappanahalli</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2007</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;We previously reported that the macrophytic green alga&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cladophora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;harbors high densities (up to 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;colony-forming units/g dry weight) of the fecal indicator bacteria,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and enterococci, in shoreline waters of Lake Michigan. However, the population structure and genetic relatedness of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cladophora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;-borne indicator bacteria remain poorly understood. In this study, 835&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;isolates were collected from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cladophora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;tufts (mats) growing on rocks from a breakwater located within the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northwest Indiana. The horizontal fluorophore enhanced rep-PCR (HFERP) DNA fingerprinting technique was used to determine the genetic relatedness of the isolates to each other and to those in a library of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;DNA fingerprints. While the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;isolates from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cladophora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;showed a high degree of genetic relatedness (⩾92% similarity), in most cases, however, the isolates were genetically distinct. The Shannon diversity index for the population was very high (5.39). Both spatial and temporal influences contributed to the genetic diversity. There was a strong association of isolate genotypes by location (79% and 80% for lake- and ditch-side samplings, respectively), and isolates collected from 2002 were distinctly different from those obtained in 2003.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cladophora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;-borne&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;isolates represented a unique group, which was distinct from other&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;isolates in the DNA fingerprint library tested. Taken together, these results indicate that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;strains associated with&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cladophora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;may be a recurring source of indicator bacteria to the nearshore beach.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.009</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Elsevier</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Population structure of &lt;i&gt;Cladophora&lt;/i&gt;-borne &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; in nearshore water of Lake Michigan</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>