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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Kevin G. Knauss</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>William H. Langer</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Ken Caldeira</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Greg H. Rau</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2007</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The use and impacts of accelerated weathering of limestone (AWL; reaction: CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;+H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;O+CaCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;→Ca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;+2(HCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;) is explored as a CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; capture and sequestration method. It is shown that significant limestone resources are relatively close to a majority of CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;-emitting power plants along the coastal US, a favored siting location for AWL. Waste fines, representing more than 20% of current US crushed limestone production (&amp;gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;tonnes/yr), could provide an inexpensive or free source of AWL carbonate. With limestone transportation then as the dominant cost variable, CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; mitigation costs of $3-$4/tonne appear to be possible in certain locations. Perhaps 10–20% of US point–source CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; emissions could be mitigated in this fashion. It is experimentally shown that CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;sequestration rates of 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt; to 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;moles/sec&amp;nbsp;per&amp;nbsp;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt; of limestone surface area are achievable, with reaction densities on the order of 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;tonnes CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;day&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;, highly dependent on limestone particle size, solution turbulence and flow, and CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;concentration. Modeling shows that AWL would allow carbon storage in the ocean with significantly reduced impacts to seawater pH relative to direct CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; disposal into the atmosphere or sea. The addition of AWL-derived alkalinity to the ocean may itself be beneficial for marine biota.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1016/j.energy.2006.10.011</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Elsevier</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Reducing energy-related CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions using accelerated weathering of limestone</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>