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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>J.W. Duris</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>L.R. Fogarty</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>D.W. Kolpin</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>M. J. Focazio</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>E. T. Furlong</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>M. T. Meyer</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>S.K. Haack</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2009</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The objective of this study was to compare fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (fecal coliforms,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;[EC], and enterococci [ENT]) concentrations with a wide array of typical organic wastewater chemicals and selected bacterial genes as indicators of fecal pollution in water samples collected at or near 18 surface water drinking water intakes. Genes tested included&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;esp&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(indicating human-pathogenic ENT) and nine genes associated with various animal sources of shiga-toxin–producing EC (STEC). Fecal pollution was indicated by genes and/or chemicals for 14 of the 18 tested samples, with little relation to FIB standards. Of 13 samples with &amp;lt;50 EC 100 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;, human pharmaceuticals or chemical indicators of wastewater treatment plant effluent occurred in six, veterinary antibiotics were detected in three, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;stx&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;1 or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;stx&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;2 genes (indicating varying animal sources of STEC) were detected in eight. Only the EC&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;eae&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;A gene was positively correlated with FIB concentrations. Human-source fecal pollution was indicated by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;esp&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;gene and the human pharmaceutical carbamazepine in one of the nine samples that met all FIB recreational water quality standards.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli rfb&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;O157&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;stx&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;2c genes, which are typically associated with cattle sources and are of potential human health significance, were detected in one sample in the absence of tested chemicals. Chemical and gene-based indicators of fecal contamination may be present even when FIB standards are met, and some may, unlike FIB, indicate potential sources. Application of multiple water quality indicators with variable environmental persistence and fate may yield greater confidence in fecal pollution assessment and may inform remediation decisions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.2134/jeq2008.0173</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Alliance of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science Societies</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Comparing wastewater chemicals, indicator bacteria concentrations, and bacterial pathogen genes as fecal pollution indicators</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>