<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>N. Kohmescher</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>James H. Larson</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>K. D. Hambright</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>E.J. Remmel</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2011</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;W&lt;span&gt;We examined effects of the invasive, toxigenic haptophyte&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Prymnesium parvum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;on grazing rates, feeding behaviors, and life‐history characteristics of clonal lineages of three daphniid zooplankton species. Grazing experiments revealed similar clearance rates for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;P. parvum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and a common green alga. Behavioral observations revealed no significant effects of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;P. parvum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;on daphniid feeding behaviors after 30 min, but major declines in appendage beat rates after 1 h. Chronic exposure (10 d) to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;P. parvum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;resulted in severe reductions in daphniid growth rates, age at first reproduction, fecundity, and survivorship at densities as low as 7750 cells mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Thus, in addition to direct fish mortality during&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;P. parvum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;blooms of 50,000–200,000 cells mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;, the entire food web of an invaded system may be subjected to potentially severe negative consequences even at nonbloom densities of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;P. parvum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.4319/lo.2011.56.2.0461</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>An experimental analysis of harmful algae-zooplankton interactions and the ultimate defense</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>