Craig D. Allen James H. Brown Joseph R. Burger Ana D. Davidson Trevor S. Fristoe Marcus J. Hamilton Sean T. Hammond Astrid Kodric-Brown Norman Mercado-Silva Jordan G. Okie Jeffrey C. Nekola 2013 Two interacting forces influence all populations: the Malthusian dynamic of exponential growth until resource limits are reached, and the Darwinian dynamic of innovation and adaptation to circumvent these limits through biological and/or cultural evolution. The specific manifestations of these forces in modern human society provide an important context for determining how humans can establish a sustainable relationship with the finite Earth. application/pdf 10.1016/j.tree.2012.12.001 en Elsevier The Malthusian-Darwinian dynamic and the trajectory of civilization article