David A. Jessup Reginald H. Barrett Peter J.P. Gogan 1988 Antler anomalies were evident in tule elk (<i>Cervus elaphus nannodes</i>) within 1 yr of reintroduction to Point Reyes, California (USA). These anomalies are consistent with previously described mineral deficiency-induced anomalies in cervids. The elk were judged deficient in copper. Low levels of copper in soils and vegetation at the release site, exacerbated by possible protein deficiency due to poor range conditions, are postulated as likely causes of the antler anomalies. application/pdf 10.7589/0090-3558-24.4.656 en Wildlife Disease Association Antler anomalies in tule elk article