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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>John M. Melack</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Anne M. Esperanza</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>David J. Parsons</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Thomas J. Stohlgren</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>1991</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Atmospheric depostion and stream discharge and solutes were measured for three years (September 1984 — August 1987) in two mixed conifer watersheds in Sequoia National Park, in the southern Sierra Nevada of California. The Log Creek watershed (50 ha, 2067–2397 m elev.) is drained by a perennial stream, while Tharp's Creek watershed (13 ha, 2067–2255 m elev.) contains an intermittent stream. Dominant trees in the area include&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Abies concolor&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(white fir),&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sequoiadendron giganteum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(giant sequoia),&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;A. magnifica&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(red fir), and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pinus lambertiana&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(sugar pine). Bedrock is predominantly granite and granodiorite, and the soils are mostly Pachic Xerumbrepts. Over the three year period, sulfate (SO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;), nitrate (NO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;), and chloride (Cl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;) were the major anions in bulk precipitation with volume-weighted average concentrations of 12.6, 12.3 and 10.0 μeq/1, respectively. Annual inputs of NO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;-N, NH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;-N and SO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;-S from wet deposition were about 60 to 75% of those reported from bulk deposition collectors. Discharge from the two watersheds occurs primarily during spring snowmelt. Solute exports from Log and Tharp's Creeks were dominated by HCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Ca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and Na&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;, while H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;, NO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;, NH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and PO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;outputs were relatively small. Solute concentrations were weakly correlated with instantaneous stream flow for all solutes (r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;0.2) except HCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Log Cr. r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0.72; Tharp's Cr. r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0.38), Na&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Log Cr. r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0.56; Tharp's Cr. r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0.47), and silicate (Log Cr. r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0.71; Tharp's Cr. r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0.49). Mean annual atmospheric contributions of NO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;-N (1.6 kg ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;), NH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;-N (1.7 kg ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;), and SO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;-S (1.8 kg ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;), which are associated with acidic deposition, greatly exceed hydrologic losses. Annual watershed yields (expressed as eq ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;) of HCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;exceeded by factors of 2.5 to 37 the annual atmospheric deposition of H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1007/BF00002608</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Springer</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Atmospheric deposition and solute export in giant sequoia: Mixed conifer watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>