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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Andrew Ray</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Megan J. Layhee</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Christine L. Densmore</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Adam Sepulveda</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Jackson A. Gross</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Barnaby J. Watten</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Mark Abbey-Lambert</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2014</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Current management strategies for the control and suppression of the American Bullfrog (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="genus-species"&gt;Lithobates catesbeianus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="genus-species"&gt;Rana catesbeiana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Shaw) and other invasive amphibians have had minimal effect on their abundance and distribution. This study evaluates the effects of carbon dioxide (CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;) on pre- and prometamorphic Bullfrog larvae. Bullfrogs are a model organism for evaluating potential suppression agents because they are a successful invader worldwide. From experimental trials we estimated that the 24-h 50% and 99% lethal concentration (LC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and LC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;99&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;) values for Bullfrog larvae were 371 and 549 mg CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;/L, respectively. Overall, larvae that succumbed to experimental conditions had a lower body condition index than those that survived. We also documented sublethal changes in blood chemistry during prolonged exposure to elevated CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Specifically, blood pH decreased by more than 0.5 pH units after 9 h of exposure and both blood partial pressure of CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(pCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;) and blood glucose increased. These findings suggest that CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;treatments can be lethal to Bullfrog larvae under controlled laboratory conditions. We believe this work represents the necessary foundation for further consideration of CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;as a potential suppression agent for one of the most harmful invaders to freshwater ecosystems.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1670/12-126</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Suppressing bullfrog larvae with carbon dioxide</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>