<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Tara E. Chestnut</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Jesse L. Brunner</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Kaylene M. Charles</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Emily E. Nebergall</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Deanna H. Olson</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Andrey N. Reshetnikov</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2014</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;In a population of the European common toad&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bufo bufo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;from a rural pond in the region of Lake Glubokoe Regional Reserve in Moscow province, Russia, unexplained mass mortality events involving larvae and metamorphs have been observed over a monitoring period of &amp;gt;20 yr. We tested toads from this and a nearby site for the emerging amphibian pathogens&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bd&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;) and ranavirus (Rv). Both pathogens were detected, and at the rural pond site, with the above-noted losses and decline in toad breeding success, 40% of&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;B. bufo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;metamorphs were&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bd&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;positive, 46% were Rv positive and 20% were co-infected with both pathogens. Toad metamorphs from a neighbouring water body were also&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bd&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and Rv positive (25 and 55%, respectively). This is the first confirmation of these pathogens in Russia. Questions remain as to the origins of these pathogens in Russia and their roles in documented mass mortality events.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.3354/dao02757</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Inter-Research Science Center</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Detection of the emerging amphibian pathogens &lt;i&gt;Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis&lt;/i&gt; and ranavirus in Russia</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>