<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Dawn A. Shively</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Heather Pawlik</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Meredith Nevers</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Richard L. Whitman</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2003</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Each summer, the nuisance green alga&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cladophora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(mostly&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cladophora glomerata&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;) amasses along Lake Michigan beaches, creating nearshore anoxia and unsightly, malodorous mats that can attract problem animals and detract from visitor enjoyment. Traditionally, elevated counts of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;are presumed to indicate the presence of sewage, mostly derived from nearby point sources. The relationship between fecal indicator bacteria and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cladophora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;remains essentially unstudied. This investigation describes the local and regional density of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and enterococci in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cladophora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;mats along beaches in the four states (Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan) bordering Lake Michigan. Samples of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cladophora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;strands collected from 10 beaches (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 41) were assayed for concentrations of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and enterococci during the summer of 2002. Both&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and enterococci were ubiquitous (up to 97% occurrence), with overall log mean densities (&amp;plusmn; standard errors) of 5.3 (&amp;plusmn; 4.8) and 4.8 (&amp;plusmn; 4.5) per g (dry weight).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and enterococci were strongly correlated in southern Lake Michigan beaches (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt; 0.001,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0.73,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 17) but not in northern beaches (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0.892,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 16). Both&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and enterococci survived for over 6 months in sun-dried&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cladophora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;mats stored at 4&amp;deg;C; the residual bacteria in the dried alga readily grew upon rehydration. These findings suggest that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cladophora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;amassing along the beaches of Lake Michigan may be an important environmental source of indicator bacteria and call into question the reliability of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and enterococci as indicators of water quality for freshwater recreational beaches.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1128/AEM.69.8.4714-4719.2003</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>American Society for Microbiology</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Occurrence of &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; and enterococci in &lt;i&gt;Cladophora&lt;/i&gt; (Chlorophyta) in nearshore water and beach sand of Lake Michigan</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>