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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Kathryn M. Irvine</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Siri K. Wilmoth</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Tristany L. Wagner</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Patrick A Shields</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Jeffrey R. Fox</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Jackson A. Gross</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2013</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;We examined the efficacy of sound pressure pulses generated from a water gun for controlling invasive Northern Pike&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Esox lucius&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Pulse pressures from two sizes of water guns were evaluated for their effects on individual fish placed at a predetermined random distance. Fish mortality from a 5,620.8-cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;water gun (peak pressure source level&amp;nbsp;= 252&amp;nbsp;dB referenced to 1&amp;nbsp;&amp;mu;P at 1&amp;nbsp;m) was assessed every 24&amp;nbsp;h for 168&amp;nbsp;h, and damage (intact, hematoma, or rupture) to the gas bladder, kidney, and liver was recorded. The experiment was replicated with a 1,966.4-cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;water gun (peak pressure source level = 244&amp;nbsp;dB referenced to 1&amp;nbsp;&amp;mu;P at 1&amp;nbsp;m), but fish were euthanized immediately. The peak sound pressure level (SPL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;peak&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;), peak-to-peak sound pressure level (SPL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;p-p&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;), and frequency spectrums were recorded, and the cumulative sound exposure level (SEL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;cum&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;) was subsequently calculated. The SPL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;peak&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;, SPL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;p-p&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;, and SEL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;cum&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;were correlated, and values varied significantly by treatment group for both guns. Mortality increased and organ damage was greater with decreasing distance to the water gun. Mortality (31%) by 168&amp;nbsp;h was only observed for Northern Pike exhibiting the highest degree of organ damage. Mortality at 72&amp;nbsp;h and 168&amp;nbsp;h postexposure was associated with increasing SEL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;cum&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;above 195&amp;nbsp;dB. The minimum SEL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;cum&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;calculated for gas bladder rupture was 199&amp;nbsp;dB recorded at 9&amp;nbsp;m from the 5,620.8-cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;water gun and 194&amp;nbsp;dB recorded at 6&amp;nbsp;m from the 1,966.4-cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;water gun. Among Northern Pike that were exposed to the large water gun, 100% of fish exposed at 3 and 6&amp;nbsp;m had ruptured gas bladders, and 86% exposed at 9&amp;nbsp;m had ruptured gas bladders. Among fish that were exposed to pulse pressures from the smaller water gun, 78% exhibited gas bladder rupture. Results from these initial controlled experiments underscore the potential of water guns as a tool for controlling Northern Pike.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1080/00028487.2013.802252</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>American Fisheries Society</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>The effects of pulse pressure from seismic water gun technology on Northern Pike</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>