<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Lisa M. Pajot</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Sandra L. Talbot</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>George K. Sage</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Colleen M. Handel</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2006</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;We evaluated the feasibility and efficiency of using&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;swabs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;to collect&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;buccal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;epithelial cells&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;small (2‐ to 13‐&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;birds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;as a source of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;DNA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;for genetic studies. We used commercially available&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;buccal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;swab kits to collect samples&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;42&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;adult&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and 39&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;nestling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(4‐ to 8‐day‐old) black‐capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;6 4‐day‐old&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;nestling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;boreal chickadees (P. hudsonica). We compared&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;DNA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;buccal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;epithelial samples to that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;blood samples&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;the same individuals. We extracted sufficient quantities of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;DNA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;for analysis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;all&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;buccal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;samples, and samples remained viable even after being stored in original plastic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;sampling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;tubes at room temperature for up to 18 months. Yields were equivalent whether extracted using the proprietary quick‐extraction solution provided with&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;buccal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;swab kits or using a salt‐extraction process with inexpensive reagents. Yields of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;DNA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;buccal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;samples were consistently lower than those&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="searchword"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;blood samples, but quantities were sufficient for all analyses. Assignment of sex, based on DNA extracted from paired buccal and blood samples, was identical for all 87 birds. We found no difference in the genotypes obtained from buccal and blood samples for 12 individuals tested using 5 microsatellite loci and found perfect concordance in sequencing of an 823‐base‐pair segment within the control region of mitochondrial DNA for 7 individuals tested. Use of buccal swabs is highly recommended as a rapid, noninvasive technique for sampling avian genomic DNA, especially for extremely young altricial nestlings or small‐bodied adults, or for any birds for which blood sampling may be impossible or stressful.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1094:UOBSFS]2.0.CO;2</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Wildlife Society</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Use of buccal swabs for sampling DNA from nestling and adult birds</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>