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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Paul C. Banko</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Gregory J. Brenner</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>James D. Jacobi</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Steven C. Hess</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>1999</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;We measured mature tree and sapling density, tree associations, crown size, age structure, recovery from ungulate browsing, and grass cover at four study sites in two types of subalpine woodland on Mauna Kea volcano, island of Hawaii. Beginning in 1981, introduced ungulates were reduced in number to allow regeneration of &lt;i&gt;Sophora chrysophylla&lt;/i&gt; (mamane) in habitat supporting the endangered Hawaiian finch, &lt;i&gt;Loxioides bailleui&lt;/i&gt; (palila). We found &lt;i&gt;Sophora&lt;/i&gt; regeneration at all four study sites, but regeneration was higher in mixed species woodland with codominant &lt;i&gt;Myoporum sandwicense&lt;/i&gt; (naio) than in areas where &lt;i&gt;Sophora&lt;/i&gt; dominated. Regeneration of &lt;i&gt;Myoporum&lt;/i&gt; was uniformly very low in comparison. Invasive grass cover, which suppresses &lt;i&gt;Sophora&lt;/i&gt; germination, was highest in mid-elevation woodland where &lt;i&gt;Sophora&lt;/i&gt; dominated. The distribution of mature and sapling &lt;i&gt;Sophora&lt;/i&gt; were both related to study site, reflecting previous ungulate browsing and uneven recovery due to grasses. Densities of &lt;i&gt;Sophora&lt;/i&gt; snags were not different among any of the sites, suggesting a more even distribution in the past. Selective browsing before ungulate reduction may have favored &lt;i&gt;Myoporum&lt;/i&gt; over &lt;i&gt;Sophora&lt;/i&gt;, leading to high densities of mature &lt;i&gt;Myoporum&lt;/i&gt; in codominant woodland. After ungulate reduction, however, we found no pattern of competitive inhibition by &lt;i&gt;Myoporum&lt;/i&gt; on regeneration of &lt;i&gt;Sophora&lt;/i&gt;. Reduction of &lt;i&gt;Myoporum&lt;/i&gt; is not likely to enhance habitat for &lt;i&gt;Loxioides&lt;/i&gt; as much as supplemental planting of &lt;i&gt;Sophora&lt;/i&gt;, grass control, and continued ungulate eradication. Mid-elevation &lt;i&gt;Sophora&lt;/i&gt; woodland areas, where &lt;i&gt;Loxioides&lt;/i&gt; forage and nest in high densities, would benefit the most from these management actions.&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1111/j.1744-7429.1999.tb00133.x</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Association for Tropical Biology</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Factors related to the recovery of subalpine woodland on Mauna Kea, Hawaii</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>