<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Kathryn Kingsley</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Kurt P. Kowalski</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Ivelisse Irizarry</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>April Micci</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Marcos Antonio Soares</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Marshall S. Bergen</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>James F. White</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2018</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;div id="ASec1" class="AbstractSection"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and aims&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Non-native &lt;i&gt;Phragmites australis&lt;/i&gt; (haplotype M) is an invasive grass that decreases biodiversity and produces dense stands. We hypothesized that seeds of &lt;i&gt;Phragmites&lt;/i&gt; carry microbes that improve seedling growth, defend against pathogens and maximize capacity of seedlings to compete with other plants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We isolated bacteria from seeds of &lt;i&gt;Phragmites&lt;/i&gt;, then evaluated representatives for their capacities to become intracellular in root cells, and their effects on: 1.) germination rates and seedling growth, 2.) susceptibility to damping-off disease, and 3.) mortality and growth of competitor plant seedlings (dandelion (&lt;i&gt;Taraxacum officionale&lt;/i&gt; F. H. Wigg) and curly dock (&lt;i&gt;Rumex crispus&lt;/i&gt; L.)).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ten strains (of 23 total) were identified and characterized; seven were identified as &lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas&lt;/i&gt; spp. Strains Sandy LB4 (&lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas fluorescens&lt;/i&gt;) and West 9 (&lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas&lt;/i&gt; sp.) entered root meristems and became intracellular. These bacteria improved seed germination in &lt;i&gt;Phragmites&lt;/i&gt; and increased seedling root branching in &lt;i&gt;Poa annua&lt;/i&gt;. They increased plant growth and protected plants from damping off disease. Sandy LB4 increased mortality and reduced growth rates in seedlings of dandelion and curly dock.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Phragmites&lt;/i&gt; plants associate with endophytes to increase growth and disease resistance, and release bacteria into the soil to create an environment that is favorable to their seedlings and less favorable to competitor plants.&lt;span id="_mce_caret" data-mce-bogus="true"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;﻿&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1007/s11104-016-3169-6</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Springer</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Disease protection and allelopathic interactions of seed-transmitted endophytic pseudomonads of invasive reed grass (&lt;i&gt;Phragmites australis&lt;/i&gt;)</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>