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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Andrew M. Ramey</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Gabriel Gustafsson Hall</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Josef Jarhult</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Stefan Borjesson</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Jonas Bonnedahl</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Clara Atterby</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2016</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;div id="st1" class="NLM_sec NLM_sec_level_1"&gt;&lt;p id="_i1" class="section-heading-2"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose challenges to healthcare delivery systems globally; however, limited information is available regarding the prevalence and spread of such bacteria in the environment. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in large-bodied gulls (&lt;i&gt;Larus&lt;/i&gt; spp.) at urban and remote locations in Southcentral Alaska to gain inference into the association between antibiotic resistance in wildlife and anthropogenically influenced habitats.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="st2" class="NLM_sec NLM_sec_level_1"&gt;&lt;p id="_i2" class="section-heading-2"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; was cultured (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;=115 isolates) from fecal samples of gulls (n=160) collected from a remote location, Middleton Island, and a more urban setting on the Kenai Peninsula.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="st3" class="NLM_sec NLM_sec_level_1"&gt;&lt;p id="_i3" class="section-heading-2"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Screening of &lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt; from fecal samples collected from glaucous-winged gulls (&lt;i&gt;Larus glaucescens&lt;/i&gt;) at Middleton Island revealed 8% of isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics and 2% of the isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotics. In contrast, 55% of &lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt; isolates derived from fecal samples collected from large-bodied gulls (i.e. glaucous, herring [&lt;i&gt;Larus argentatus&lt;/i&gt;], and potentially hybrid gulls) on the Kenai Peninsula were resistant to one or more antibiotics and 22% were resistant to three or more antibiotics. In addition, total of 16% of the gull samples from locations on the Kenai Peninsula harbored extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant &lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt; isolates (extended-spectrum beta-lactamases [ESBL] and plasmid-encoded AmpC [pAmpC]), in contrast to Middleton Island where no ESBL- or pAmpC-producing isolates were detected.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="st4" class="NLM_sec NLM_sec_level_1"&gt;&lt;p id="_i4" class="section-heading-2"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our findings indicate that increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance is associated with urban environments in Southcentral Alaska and presumably influenced by anthropogenic impacts. Further investigation is warranted to assess how migratory birds may maintain and spread antimicrobial-resistant bacteria of relevance to human and animal health.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.3402/iee.v6.32334</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Taylor &amp; Francis</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Increased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in gulls sampled in southcentral Alaska is associated with urban environments</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>