<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Larry Mayer</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Kenneth L. Cole</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>1982</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Packrat midden data can be used to calculate rates of cliff retreat by relating midden age to the distance between cliff face and midden. Regression analysis using 14 radiocarbon-dated packrat deposits from the Mississippian Redwall Limestone in the eastern Grand Canyon suggests that the Redwall has been retreating at an average rate of 0.45 m/10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;C yr. This rate of cliff retreat, which is comparable to other cliff-retreat rates reported from arid environments, implies that the Colorado River cut through the Redwall Limestone in the vicinity of Horseshoe Mesa about 3.7 m.y. B.P.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10&lt;597:UOPMTD&gt;2.0.CO;2</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Geological Society of America</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Use of packrat middens to determine rates of cliff retreat in the eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>