<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Arthur D. Frankel</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>John E. Vidale</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Erin A. Wirth</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2017</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;We compare broadband synthetic seismograms with recordings of the 2003&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;M&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-11" class="math"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-12" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-13" class="msub"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-14" class="mi"&gt;M&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-15" class="mi"&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;Mw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;8.3 Tokachi‐Oki earthquake to evaluate a compound rupture model, in which slip on the fault consists of multiple high‐stress‐drop asperities superimposed on a background slip distribution with longer rise times. Low‐frequency synthetics (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; rspace=&amp;quot;0em&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;lt;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2009;&amp;amp;#x2009;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mi xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;Hz&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-16" class="math"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-17" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-18" class="mo"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-19" class="mn"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-20" class="mtext"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-21" class="mi"&gt;Hz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;&amp;lt;1  Hz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) are calculated using deterministic, 3D finite‐difference simulations and are combined with high‐frequency (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-5-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; rspace=&amp;quot;0em&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;gt;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2009;&amp;amp;#x2009;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mi xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;Hz&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-22" class="math"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-23" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-24" class="mo"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-25" class="mn"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-26" class="mtext"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-27" class="mi"&gt;Hz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;&amp;gt;1  Hz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) stochastic synthetics using a matched filter at 1&amp;nbsp;Hz. We show that this compound rupture model and overall approach accurately reproduces waveform envelopes and observed response spectral accelerations (SAs) from the Tokachi‐Oki event. We find that sufficiently short subfault rise times (i.e.,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-6-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;lt;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x223C;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2013;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2009;&amp;amp;#x2009;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mi xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-28" class="math"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-29" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-30" class="mo"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-31" class="mo"&gt;∼&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-32" class="mn"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-33" class="mo"&gt;–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-34" class="mn"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-35" class="mtext"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-36" class="mi"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;&amp;lt;∼1–2  s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) are necessary to reproduce energy&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-7-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x223C;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2009;&amp;amp;#x2009;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mi xmlns=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&gt;Hz&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-37" class="math"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-38" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-39" class="mo"&gt;∼&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-40" class="mn"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-41" class="mtext"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-42" class="mi"&gt;Hz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;∼1  Hz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. This is achieved by either (1)&amp;nbsp;including distinct subevents with short rise times, as may be suggested by the Tokachi‐Oki data, or (2)&amp;nbsp;imposing a fast‐slip velocity over the entire rupture area. We also include a systematic study on the effects of varying several kinematic rupture parameters. We find that simulated strong ground motions are sensitive to the average rupture velocity and coherence of the rupture front, with more coherent ruptures yielding higher response SAs. We also assess the effects of varying the average slip velocity and the character (i.e., area, magnitude, and location) of high‐stress‐drop subevents. Even in the absence of precise constraints on these kinematic rupture parameters, our simulations still reproduce major features in the Tokachi‐Oki earthquake data, supporting its accuracy in modeling future large earthquakes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1785/0120170065</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Seismological Society of America</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Evaluating a kinematic method for generating broadband ground motions for great subduction zone earthquakes: Application to the 2003  Mw 8.3 Tokachi‐Oki earthquake</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>