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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Martin E. Gurtz</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Michael T. Barbour</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Ashley Moerke</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Nicholas G. Aumen</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2010</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;Growing awareness of environmental degradation resulted in stricter environmental regulations and laws for aquatic ecosystems. These regulations were followed by an increase in applied research and monitoring beginning in the early 1970s. The number of applied scientists who were members of the North American Benthological Society grew at a commensurate rate. The editors of &lt;i&gt;J-NABS&lt;/i&gt; recognized that, despite these increases, submitted manuscripts mostly addressed basic science. In response, the &lt;i&gt;BRIDGES&lt;/i&gt; section of &lt;i&gt;J-NABS&lt;/i&gt; was created in 1994 to provide a forum for linking basic ecological principles to applied science problems and issues. We examined the emergence of applied science topics in &lt;i&gt;J-NABS&lt;/i&gt; and its predecessor, &lt;i&gt;Freshwater Invertebrate Biology&lt;/i&gt;, from their beginning in 1982 to 2009. We classified papers among 11 categories that included a basic/applied science linkage. In the 1980s, applied papers were predominantly on effects of eutrophication/pollution and landuse changes. When &lt;i&gt;BRIDGES&lt;/i&gt; was established in 1994, papers were solicited by editors and &lt;i&gt;BRIDGES&lt;/i&gt; sections usually included &amp;gt;1 paper on a common theme to express complementary or alternate viewpoints. Forty-two papers appeared in &lt;i&gt;BRIDGES&lt;/i&gt; between 1994 and 2009, but the number per issue declined after 2001. The total number of applied science papers in &lt;i&gt;J-NABS&lt;/i&gt; has increased since ∼1994. Citation analysis of &lt;i&gt;BRIDGES&lt;/i&gt; papers illustrates how information is being cited, but applied papers often are used in ways that might not lead to citations. &lt;i&gt;BRIDGES&lt;/i&gt; transitioned to a new format in September 2009 to address new types of complex, multifaceted linkages. All new &lt;i&gt;BRIDGES&lt;/i&gt; articles will be open access, and authors will be encouraged to produce lay-language fact sheets and to post them on the web.&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1899/08-031.1</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>University of Chicago Press</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>BRIDGES: Evolution of basic and applied linkages in benthic science</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>