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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Cynthia A. Werner</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>C.F. Rissmann</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>A. Mazot</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Travis B. Horton</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>D Gravley</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>B. Kennedy</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>C Oze</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>S. Bloomberg</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2014</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The quantification of heat and mass flow between deep reservoirs and the surface is important for understanding magmatic and hydrothermal systems. Here, we use high-resolution measurement of carbon dioxide flux (φCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;) and heat flow at the surface to characterize the mass (CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and steam) and heat released to the atmosphere from two magma-hydrothermal systems. Our soil gas and heat flow surveys at Rotokawa and White Island in the Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, include over 3000 direct measurements of φCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and soil temperature and 60 carbon isotopic values on soil gases. Carbon dioxide flux was separated into background and magmatic/hydrothermal populations based on the measured values and isotopic characterization. Total CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;emission rates (ΣCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;) of 441 ± 84 t d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and 124 ± 18 t d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;were calculated for Rotokawa (2.9 km&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;) and for the crater floor at White Island (0.3 km&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;), respectively. The total CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;emissions differ from previously published values by +386 t d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;at Rotokawa and +25 t d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;at White Island, demonstrating that earlier research underestimated emissions by 700% (Rotokawa) and 25% (White Island). These differences suggest that soil CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;emissions facilitate more robust estimates of the thermal energy and mass flux in geothermal systems than traditional approaches. Combining the magmatic/hydrothermal-sourced CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;emission (constrained using stable isotopes) with reservoir H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;O:CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;mass ratios and the enthalpy of evaporation, the surface expression of thermal energy release for the Rotokawa hydrothermal system (226 MW&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;) is 10 times greater than the White Island crater floor (22.5 MW&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1002/2014GC005327</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>American Geophysical Union</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Soil CO2 emissions as a proxy for heat and mass flow assessment, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>