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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Rasanthi U. Wijesinghe</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Lisa Reynolds Fogarty</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Sheridan K. Haack</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Lisa R. Fogarty</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Taaja R. Tucker</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Stephen Riley</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Ryan J. Oster</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2014</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Quantitative assessment of bacterial pathogens, their geographic variability, and distribution in various matrices at Great Lakes beaches are limited. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to test for genes from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;O157:H7 (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;eae&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;O157&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;), shiga-toxin producing&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;stx2&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;),&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Campylobacter jejuni&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;mapA&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;),&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Shigella&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;spp. (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;ipaH&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;), and a&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Salmonella enterica&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;-specific (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;SE&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;) DNA sequence at seven Great Lakes beaches, in algae, water, and sediment. Overall, detection frequencies were&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;mapA&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;stx2&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;ipaH&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;SE&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;eae&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;O157&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Results were highly variable among beaches and matrices; some correlations with environmental conditions were observed for&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;mapA&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;stx2&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;, and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;ipaH&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;detections. Beach seasonal mean&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;mapA&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;abundance in water was correlated with beach seasonal mean log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;concentration. At one beach,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;stx2&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;gene abundance was positively correlated with concurrent daily&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;concentrations. Concentration distributions for&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;stx2&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;ipaH&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;, and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;mapA&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;within algae, sediment, and water were statistically different (Non-Detect and Data Analysis in R). Assuming 10, 50, or 100% of gene copies represented viable and presumably infective cells, a quantitative microbial risk assessment tool developed by Michigan State University indicated a moderate probability of illness for&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Campylobacter jejuni&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;at the study beaches, especially where recreational water quality criteria were exceeded. Pathogen gene quantification may be useful for beach water quality management.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1021/es5038657</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>ACS Publications</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Bacterial pathogen gene abundance and relation to recreational water quality at seven Great Lakes beaches</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>